Thursday, 12 March 2020
Tuesday, 10 March 2020
Assignment :- 15 History and Evolution of Indian film Industry
Assignment :- 15 History and Evolution of Indian film Industry
Name :- Rathod Nikita p.
Roll No :- 21
Enrolment no :- 2060108420190038
Semester :- M. A. Semester - 4
Paper no :- 15 (Mass Communication and Media Studies)
Assignment Topic :- History and Evolution of Indian film Industry
Year :- 2018-2020
Email-id :- nikitarathod0101@gmail.com
Words :- 1786
Submitted to :- Smt. S.B.Gardi Department of English. Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
(1) History and Evaluation of Indian Film IIIIndustry.
=> Indian film Industry consists of motion pictures made all over India, including the regional industries in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orrissa, Panjab, TamilNadu and West Bengal. These movies are widely viewed across the world especially in South Asia and Middle East due to cultural and linguistic proximities. Indian Cinema was emerged as the global enterprise in the 20th century.
One of the most flourishing cinema industries found today is in India. But the pioneers of the industry were actually foreigners. In 1896, the Lumiere brothers demonstrated the art of cinema when they screened Cinematography consisting of six short films an enthusiastic audience in Bombay. The success of these films led to the screening of films by James B. Stewart and Ted Hughes. In 1897, Save Dada made two short films. But the fathers of Indian cinema were Dada Saheb Phalke who in 1913 made the first feature length silent film and Ardeshir Irani who in 1931 made India's first talking film. With the demise of the silent era and the advent of the talkies, the main source for inspiration for films came from mythological texts. Films were produced in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Bengali. Mythology flourished more in South India where its social Conservative moral equated film acting to prostitution. But by the 1930's,word had spread around the world about the vibrant film industry in India and foreigners with stars in their eyes landed upon Bombay Shores. One of these was Marry Evans, a young Australian girl who could do stunts. She could, with no effort, lift a man and throw him across the room. She wore zorro like masks and used a whip when necessary. She changed her name to Nadia and was affectionately known by the audience as fearless nadia and that name stuck with her through the ages. Even though she did not speak any of the native tongues, her career spanned from the 1930's to 1959. She had a huge cult following. The press and critics did not appreciate her, however, the audiences could not get enough of her stunt theatrics. Following on Nadia 's heels in 1940, Florence Esekiel, a teenager from Baghdad, arrived in Bombay and was soon given the screen name of Nadira. She played the love interest in a Dilip kumar film who at the time was a leading heartthrob. She moved on to playing bitchy parts and was forever type cast as a 'Vamp'. The temptress, the bad girl. She gradually slipped into mother roles. One of her last appearances in Ismail Merchant film cotton Mary. There were also one of them was Bob Christo, who was another Australian. He came to India because he had seen a picture of the actress parveen Babi and ended up actually being in a film with her. He specialised in villian and henchman roles. Another Notable actor is Tom Alter who does not speak the language, although he is fluent in Hindi and Urdu, even reciting poems in Urdu on the stag. He was raised in Mussourie, India. And then we must not forget Helen. A Franco-Burmese refuge who broke all norms, she embodied sexuality and filled the roles that other actresses with Conservative views shunned. She was widely sought after for her dance or item numbers as they are called today. However she stayed within the code of decency wearing body stockings all the times. She did venture out of this zone by doing a few serious roles. In the 1920's Franz Austen, a German from Munich who could not utter one word of Hindi, came to Bombay and directed 57 blockbuster films. His films were on the scale of those made by Cecil B. Demile. He drew his inspiration from episodes of the Mahabharata and Ramayana, his early silent films were richer than most that were made at the time. In 1947, when India gained its independence, Mythological and historical stories were being replaced by social reformist films focusing on the lives of the lower classes, the dowry system and prostitution. This brought a new wave of filmmakers to the forefront such as Bimal Roy and Satyajit Ray among others. In the 1960's inspired by social and cinematic changes in the Us and Europe, India 's new wave was founded, offering a greater sense of realism to the public and getting recognition abroad, but the industry at large churned out' Masala' films with a mesh of genres including action, comedy, Melodrama punctuated with songs and dances and relying on the songs and the stars to sell their films.
In past time there is no more facilities or techniques are there. At that drama, play performed by people. It becomes too of enjoyment. And slowly slowly technology develops and then Silent films came. In this sound system is not there. Because at that time sound system does not developes. But later on sound system came, Movie came in Black and White frame. And later on more techniques developes and then movie came in Colourful frame. In now a days Movie came in 3D frame. So technology develops and new invention came, and things becomes easy in comparison of past time.
Today there is a growing movement to make Indian cinema more real - a group of young filmmakers like Anurag Kashyap, Anand Gandhi and Gyan Correa, whose film The Good Road is this year’s contender for the Oscars. There are new more large investments from corporate houses and a more structured industry funding independent cinema and making it a viable and profitable business there has never been a more favorable time for Indian cinema than today. With a vibrant creative community, new technology and investment interest, we are on the verge of seeing Indian cinema transcend its national borders to project India’s socio-political and economical influence around the world.
India cinema was emerged as the global enterprise in the 20th century. Indian films exhibited in more than 90 countries through dynamic and fast modern media. An increasing participation in the international film festivals and cultural delegations to foreign countries strategically contributed to effective branding and promotion of Indian films in the international market. Besides the possibility of 100 percent foreign venture has turned the Indian film Industry lucrative for overseas investors and production houses such as the 20th century, Fox, Sony pictures and Warner Bros. Simultaneously, prominent native investors such as Zee, UTV, Suresh productions, Ad labs and Sun Networks, Sun Pictures engaged enthusiastically in filmmaking and distribution business. Tax benefits to picture houses have also led to the mushroomed growth of multiscreen cinemas known as Multiplexers all across India. Around 30 movie making enterprises had been officially registered in India by the year 2003, highlighting the commercial existence and standing of the film Industry in the region.
India cinema witnessed revolutionary changes both in technology and style of film production in thirties. A major milestone in this era was India's first talkie, 'Alam Ara' that was directed and released by Ardeshir Irani in 1931. The film released in Hindi and Urdu, was an instant hit on box office and set a fresh trend in the history of Indian Cinema several Talking, singing and dancing films were produced following Alam Ara that marked the lunch of the Talkies era in South Indian film industries well. The first talkie flims in Bengali (Jumai Shasthi), Telugu (Bhakra Prahlad) and Tamil (Kalidas) were released in the same year. Thirties was also known as the decade of social protest. In the historical decade three leading film hubs were developed in Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta(Kolkata), and Madras(Chennai). Bombay used to be the centre of mainstream productions distributed nationally whereas Madras and Calcutta were famous for their local productions.
The decades of thirties and forties were turbulent period for India. The sub- contient was badly hit by Great Depression, World War second, Freedom movement and Indo-Pak partition calamities. During that era, majority of Indian movies were highly escapists with a few filmmakers who focused pertinent socio-political topics in their productions. The period from late forties to fifties was viewed as the Golden Age of Indian cinema by most film historians. Fifties was especially the most valued period in Hindi film industry glittered with brilliant directors and artists with their individual signature craft and style.
In the two decades, production of mega-budget movies alongside art films increased. The evergreen movies of 60S and 70S include Kamal Amrohi's pakeeza, Raj Kapoor's Bobby, Ramesh Sippy's Sholay, Kabhi Kabhi, Amar Akbar Anthony, Hum Kisise Kum Nahin, and Muqaddar Ka Sikandar. This action plus Romantic era had its own galaxy including stars such as Rajesh Khanna and Dharmendra, Sharmila Tagore, Mumtaz and Helen.
By the mid of seventies love stories gave way to the violent action themes about gangsters. Amitabh Bachchan is the ironic star known for his angry young man roles. He dominated the silver screen with other male leads like Mithun Chajraborty and Anil Kapoor and female actresses including Hema Malini, Jaya Bachchan and Rekha for several years.
In the late eighties and early nineties, once again trend changed in Indian cinema and there was a marked shift from gangster movies to romantic musicals. Family - oriented films such as Mr. India, Tezaab, Qayamat se Qayamat Tak, Maine Pyar kiya, Hum Apke Hain Kaun, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge etc. And In The decade of 2000S witnessed persistent rise of Indian cinema in the world. And Director also experiments and made film on real story, real incident. In fact modern technology took Bollywood to novel peaks in reference to Cinematography and storylines alongside mechanical advantages in terms of special effects and animation. Indian cinema is now competing globally with advanced digital projectors, converting digital format and latest production techniques.
=> Conclusion :-
Due to timely changes in cinema, cinema has become more popular among the people. Over the last years of the twentieth century and beyond, Bollywood progressed in its popularity as it entered the consciousness of Western audiences and producers. Bollywood movies have reached almost all the continents including Europe, North America, Oceania & Pacific Islands, and South America and Africa.
* Work Cited :-
* Souza, Noel De. A Brief History of Indian Cinema. 2 January 2014. 09 March 2020 <https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/brief-history-indian-cinema>.
* Erum, Hafeez. History and Evolution of Indian Film Industry. 31 December 2016. 09 March 2020 <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332751636_History_and_Evolution_of_Indian_Film_Industry>.
Name :- Rathod Nikita p.
Roll No :- 21
Enrolment no :- 2060108420190038
Semester :- M. A. Semester - 4
Paper no :- 15 (Mass Communication and Media Studies)
Assignment Topic :- History and Evolution of Indian film Industry
Year :- 2018-2020
Email-id :- nikitarathod0101@gmail.com
Words :- 1786
Submitted to :- Smt. S.B.Gardi Department of English. Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
(1) History and Evaluation of Indian Film IIIIndustry.
=> Indian film Industry consists of motion pictures made all over India, including the regional industries in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orrissa, Panjab, TamilNadu and West Bengal. These movies are widely viewed across the world especially in South Asia and Middle East due to cultural and linguistic proximities. Indian Cinema was emerged as the global enterprise in the 20th century.
One of the most flourishing cinema industries found today is in India. But the pioneers of the industry were actually foreigners. In 1896, the Lumiere brothers demonstrated the art of cinema when they screened Cinematography consisting of six short films an enthusiastic audience in Bombay. The success of these films led to the screening of films by James B. Stewart and Ted Hughes. In 1897, Save Dada made two short films. But the fathers of Indian cinema were Dada Saheb Phalke who in 1913 made the first feature length silent film and Ardeshir Irani who in 1931 made India's first talking film. With the demise of the silent era and the advent of the talkies, the main source for inspiration for films came from mythological texts. Films were produced in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Bengali. Mythology flourished more in South India where its social Conservative moral equated film acting to prostitution. But by the 1930's,word had spread around the world about the vibrant film industry in India and foreigners with stars in their eyes landed upon Bombay Shores. One of these was Marry Evans, a young Australian girl who could do stunts. She could, with no effort, lift a man and throw him across the room. She wore zorro like masks and used a whip when necessary. She changed her name to Nadia and was affectionately known by the audience as fearless nadia and that name stuck with her through the ages. Even though she did not speak any of the native tongues, her career spanned from the 1930's to 1959. She had a huge cult following. The press and critics did not appreciate her, however, the audiences could not get enough of her stunt theatrics. Following on Nadia 's heels in 1940, Florence Esekiel, a teenager from Baghdad, arrived in Bombay and was soon given the screen name of Nadira. She played the love interest in a Dilip kumar film who at the time was a leading heartthrob. She moved on to playing bitchy parts and was forever type cast as a 'Vamp'. The temptress, the bad girl. She gradually slipped into mother roles. One of her last appearances in Ismail Merchant film cotton Mary. There were also one of them was Bob Christo, who was another Australian. He came to India because he had seen a picture of the actress parveen Babi and ended up actually being in a film with her. He specialised in villian and henchman roles. Another Notable actor is Tom Alter who does not speak the language, although he is fluent in Hindi and Urdu, even reciting poems in Urdu on the stag. He was raised in Mussourie, India. And then we must not forget Helen. A Franco-Burmese refuge who broke all norms, she embodied sexuality and filled the roles that other actresses with Conservative views shunned. She was widely sought after for her dance or item numbers as they are called today. However she stayed within the code of decency wearing body stockings all the times. She did venture out of this zone by doing a few serious roles. In the 1920's Franz Austen, a German from Munich who could not utter one word of Hindi, came to Bombay and directed 57 blockbuster films. His films were on the scale of those made by Cecil B. Demile. He drew his inspiration from episodes of the Mahabharata and Ramayana, his early silent films were richer than most that were made at the time. In 1947, when India gained its independence, Mythological and historical stories were being replaced by social reformist films focusing on the lives of the lower classes, the dowry system and prostitution. This brought a new wave of filmmakers to the forefront such as Bimal Roy and Satyajit Ray among others. In the 1960's inspired by social and cinematic changes in the Us and Europe, India 's new wave was founded, offering a greater sense of realism to the public and getting recognition abroad, but the industry at large churned out' Masala' films with a mesh of genres including action, comedy, Melodrama punctuated with songs and dances and relying on the songs and the stars to sell their films.
In past time there is no more facilities or techniques are there. At that drama, play performed by people. It becomes too of enjoyment. And slowly slowly technology develops and then Silent films came. In this sound system is not there. Because at that time sound system does not developes. But later on sound system came, Movie came in Black and White frame. And later on more techniques developes and then movie came in Colourful frame. In now a days Movie came in 3D frame. So technology develops and new invention came, and things becomes easy in comparison of past time.
Today there is a growing movement to make Indian cinema more real - a group of young filmmakers like Anurag Kashyap, Anand Gandhi and Gyan Correa, whose film The Good Road is this year’s contender for the Oscars. There are new more large investments from corporate houses and a more structured industry funding independent cinema and making it a viable and profitable business there has never been a more favorable time for Indian cinema than today. With a vibrant creative community, new technology and investment interest, we are on the verge of seeing Indian cinema transcend its national borders to project India’s socio-political and economical influence around the world.
India cinema was emerged as the global enterprise in the 20th century. Indian films exhibited in more than 90 countries through dynamic and fast modern media. An increasing participation in the international film festivals and cultural delegations to foreign countries strategically contributed to effective branding and promotion of Indian films in the international market. Besides the possibility of 100 percent foreign venture has turned the Indian film Industry lucrative for overseas investors and production houses such as the 20th century, Fox, Sony pictures and Warner Bros. Simultaneously, prominent native investors such as Zee, UTV, Suresh productions, Ad labs and Sun Networks, Sun Pictures engaged enthusiastically in filmmaking and distribution business. Tax benefits to picture houses have also led to the mushroomed growth of multiscreen cinemas known as Multiplexers all across India. Around 30 movie making enterprises had been officially registered in India by the year 2003, highlighting the commercial existence and standing of the film Industry in the region.
India cinema witnessed revolutionary changes both in technology and style of film production in thirties. A major milestone in this era was India's first talkie, 'Alam Ara' that was directed and released by Ardeshir Irani in 1931. The film released in Hindi and Urdu, was an instant hit on box office and set a fresh trend in the history of Indian Cinema several Talking, singing and dancing films were produced following Alam Ara that marked the lunch of the Talkies era in South Indian film industries well. The first talkie flims in Bengali (Jumai Shasthi), Telugu (Bhakra Prahlad) and Tamil (Kalidas) were released in the same year. Thirties was also known as the decade of social protest. In the historical decade three leading film hubs were developed in Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta(Kolkata), and Madras(Chennai). Bombay used to be the centre of mainstream productions distributed nationally whereas Madras and Calcutta were famous for their local productions.
The decades of thirties and forties were turbulent period for India. The sub- contient was badly hit by Great Depression, World War second, Freedom movement and Indo-Pak partition calamities. During that era, majority of Indian movies were highly escapists with a few filmmakers who focused pertinent socio-political topics in their productions. The period from late forties to fifties was viewed as the Golden Age of Indian cinema by most film historians. Fifties was especially the most valued period in Hindi film industry glittered with brilliant directors and artists with their individual signature craft and style.
In the two decades, production of mega-budget movies alongside art films increased. The evergreen movies of 60S and 70S include Kamal Amrohi's pakeeza, Raj Kapoor's Bobby, Ramesh Sippy's Sholay, Kabhi Kabhi, Amar Akbar Anthony, Hum Kisise Kum Nahin, and Muqaddar Ka Sikandar. This action plus Romantic era had its own galaxy including stars such as Rajesh Khanna and Dharmendra, Sharmila Tagore, Mumtaz and Helen.
By the mid of seventies love stories gave way to the violent action themes about gangsters. Amitabh Bachchan is the ironic star known for his angry young man roles. He dominated the silver screen with other male leads like Mithun Chajraborty and Anil Kapoor and female actresses including Hema Malini, Jaya Bachchan and Rekha for several years.
In the late eighties and early nineties, once again trend changed in Indian cinema and there was a marked shift from gangster movies to romantic musicals. Family - oriented films such as Mr. India, Tezaab, Qayamat se Qayamat Tak, Maine Pyar kiya, Hum Apke Hain Kaun, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge etc. And In The decade of 2000S witnessed persistent rise of Indian cinema in the world. And Director also experiments and made film on real story, real incident. In fact modern technology took Bollywood to novel peaks in reference to Cinematography and storylines alongside mechanical advantages in terms of special effects and animation. Indian cinema is now competing globally with advanced digital projectors, converting digital format and latest production techniques.
=> Conclusion :-
Due to timely changes in cinema, cinema has become more popular among the people. Over the last years of the twentieth century and beyond, Bollywood progressed in its popularity as it entered the consciousness of Western audiences and producers. Bollywood movies have reached almost all the continents including Europe, North America, Oceania & Pacific Islands, and South America and Africa.
* Work Cited :-
* Souza, Noel De. A Brief History of Indian Cinema. 2 January 2014. 09 March 2020 <https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/brief-history-indian-cinema>.
* Erum, Hafeez. History and Evolution of Indian Film Industry. 31 December 2016. 09 March 2020 <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332751636_History_and_Evolution_of_Indian_Film_Industry>.
Assignment :- 14 Human relationships in Wole Soyinka's The Swamp Dweller
Assignment :- 14 Human relationships in Wole Soyinka's The Swamp Dweller
Name :- Rathod Nikita p.
Roll No :- 21
Enrolment no :- 2060108420190038
Semester :- M. A. Semester - 4
Paper no :- 14 (The African Literature)
Assignment Topic :- Human relationships in Wole Soyinka's The Swamp Dweller
Year :- 2018-2020
Email-id :- nikitarathod0101@gmail.com
Words :- 1623
Submitted to :- Smt. S.B.Gardi Department of English. Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
(1) Human relationships in Wole Soyinka's The Swamp Dwellers
=> The characters in The Swamp Dwellers fell into three groups: the parents Makuri and Alo-conservative, the corrupt priest Kadiye, who beguiles his superstitious followers; and the two positive individuals Igwezu and the Beggar, moving, wondering, seeking and then uncertain what they have found. It is a play of mood and atmosphere, constructed so as to provide the audience with ample opportunity to make comparisons and reach judgment. Soyinka makes his points through implied contrasts and comparisons. In the play, there is contrast between twin brothers, father and son, between mother- in law and daughter- in- law, between the Beggar and host, comparison between Igwezu and the Beggar and the final contrast between the Beggar and the Priest Kadiye.
Two Brothers
The most obvious contrast is that between the twins brothers, who look alike but behave differently Awuchike has left home for ten years and lives in town. There he deals in timbers and thrives fast. But he never thinks of his poor old parents. Besides, he does not even communicate with his parents, as a result his mother thinks that, he died in swamp drowning, though his father knows that he is still alive in town and earning money there. He is dead to his parents and family responsibility/ whereas, Igwezu is quite opposite to him. He also goes to town with his wife to seek his fortune. He promised that, with first earned money, he will send a swivel chair for his father and he fulfils his promise. He communicates with his parents and looks after them. After all, Awuchike is callous, self centered, egoster, nonchalant, unmindful, undutiful ad disobedient towards parents but Igwezu is obedient, dutiful towards his parents.
Contrast between mother- in law and daughter- in- law
There is a contrast between the women in the family. Igwezus mother Alu is faithful and loyal to his father Makuri. Alu and Makuri lead their conjugal life in subsistence level. Makuri makes basket with rushes and Alu works at her adire cloth. Makuri is also an occasional barer. After all, they live from hand to mouth. In youth, Alu was very beautiful. A group of crocodile traders visited the Swamp and offered Alu to leave for city with them but Alu checked the temptation and rejected their offers. Throughout her life, she shares the well and woe of her husband and remains faithful. Makuri never feels tension for her sake. Besides, she loves the swamp region and never expresses any wish to leave for city. But Igwezus wife is reversed to Alu. Her condition before wedding was that, she must have to be taken to town after marriage. She does not like rustic life, careless about Igwezus parens. Besides, whenever he begins their urban life, Igwezus wife leaves him for wealthy Awuchike. The contrasting point between these two women is that, one is faithful and consistent to husband and another is inconsistent and unfaithful, one is materialistic, another is simple and honest.
Beggar in comparison to Igwezu
The blind beggar offers a comparison to Igwezu. The beggar loses his crops to locust and leaves his home in Bukanji, walks to the south passing through the city, searching for land to cultivate. Igwezu also loses his crops to flood leaves his home in Swamp and takes shelter in town. That is both experience misfortune but both are resolved to earn their livelihood by labor. They are unlike Awchike and Kadiye.
Contrast between Makuri and the beggar
There is a contrast between Makuri and the beggar. Though Makuri has eyesight, he cannot detect the mystery that his family is being beguiled, deceived by the corrupt Priest. But though the beggar is deprived of eyesight, his spiritual light is so powerful and penetrative that, he can detect the bulk of the Priest out of his voice. This means that, he can guess that the Priest is consuming their fresh crops by means of false rituals.
Beggar contrasts to the Priest Kadiye
The blind beggar also offers a contrast to the Priest Kadiye. Though he is regarded as beggar, actually, he does not believe in begging. Rather he believes in the virtue of diligence- this is how he leaves his home and gets out in search of a cultivable land. When the servant of the priest gives a coin, the beggar keeps his bowl upside down. The beggar is not superstitious. He can not believe that, there is any supernatural being in the name a serpent God, who possesses land. But, the priest whose head is bold, skin-tender, looks like greasy porpoises begs his in sophisticated form. He takes goats, ores and other sacrifices offered by the simple minded villagers. They offer the sacrifice to appease the God and want protection at their lives and crops. But the priest consumes when Igwezu asks, Why are you so fat? He leaves Makuris house. After all, the beggar wants to earn his livelihood by labor while the priest earns his livelihood by false bait and deception. The Beggar deceives none rather raises optimistic views in Igwezu but he priest deceives all.
Contrast between town and country
Finally there is a contrast between town and country. Life in town is source of pain, disappointment and frustration. It is a greed dominated place and only hard- hearted people prosper. But life in country is blend & sorrow and happiness. In village, the family is integrated, people are simple minded, hospitable, capable of being deceived very easily. Besides, the country people are the puppet at the hand of nature. Nature shatter their hope again offers the victim an optimism.
To conclude, through the typical characterization Wole Soyika brings to our notice the attitude, culture and life style of Nigerian people. Besides he shows how the overall economic growth affects the subsistence economy of Nigeria.
In The Swamp Dwellers Wole Soyinka shows that the arrival of modernity and industrialization in the Niger Delta region has a serious effect on the environment as well as on the family relationship and the relationship between the humans and their environment. The strong and respectful bond between the swamp dwellers and the swamp has been taken over by the arrival of the urban and capitalist forces. The Swamp Dwellers focuses on the conflict between the rural and the urban forces, the former being the symbol of honest living and honest thinking and the latter being the symbol of corruption, materialism and dishonesty. The swamp dwellers have lived in close contact with nature and have deep respect for their dwelling place and their environs until this rural, innocent forces are thwarted by the hard-hearted, materialistic urban forces. Traditionally, the swamp dwellers hold a philosophy to life that is quitessentially nature sensetive and nature protective.
The Swamp Dwellers narrates the story of an old, poor couple and their two sons living in the remote area of the Niger Delta region. The play opens with the old couple Makuri and Alu awaiting for their son Igwezu, who has returned from the city and gone to the swamp in order to calculate the damage done to his crops by the floods. It is from the conversation between Alu and Makuri we come to know that Igwezu is their younger son and they have another son named Awuchicke who went missing after he had gone to the city some ten years ago.
In The Swamp Dwellers, we see two different attitudes to the swamp by Igwezu and Awuchike, the twin brothers of the Makuri family. Igwezu shows the sign of a strong bond to his community. He has gone to the city, but still keeps his good connection with the swamp and his family. The swamp is the source of comfort as well as frustration for him. He has bought a barbers chair for his father with the first income in the city. The swamp waits for him with crop failure and starvation , but still he returns to the swamp. His return towards the swamp must be read, then, as an active, positive choice and not a retreat to the relative safety of his village. His negotiations with land and his decision to return to the swamp constitute his attitude to it. He has a strong attachment to the swamp, which offers him nothing but frustration. Awuchike, on the 10 other hand, shows a negative attitude to the social bond and his community. After he has gone to the city, he cuts off all his relationships not only with his community but also with his own parents. His parents wait for his return to the swamp or at least the news about his whereabouts. But he totally cuts off his relationship with his community. He even breaks the family tie by snatching away Igwezus wife Desala from his brother Igwezu.
Conclusion :-
In story both brother creates different example. One believes in change and another brother is not accepts change and he fails in the city, and in the story tradition and modernity is there. And Igwezu get failure in the city. Awuchike get success the city and because he accepts change. And he never returns in his village. And he becomes part of city. And Igwezu losts everything in his city. He losts his wife in the city. His wife is goes with Awuchike. So bothers but both are completely different.
Work- Cited :-
Articles, Literary. Wole Soyinkas Art of Characterization in the Play The Swamp Dwellers. 14 October 2012. 09 March 2020 <https://literacle.com/wole-soyinkas-art-of-characterization-in-the-play-the-swamp-dwellers/>.
Nuri, Mohammad Ataullah. The Human-environment Relationship in Wole Soyinka's The Swamp Dwellers. 2018. 09 March 2020 <https://www.academia.edu/40688330/The_Human-environment_Relationship_in_Wole_Soyinkas_The_Swamp_Dwellers>.
Name :- Rathod Nikita p.
Roll No :- 21
Enrolment no :- 2060108420190038
Semester :- M. A. Semester - 4
Paper no :- 14 (The African Literature)
Assignment Topic :- Human relationships in Wole Soyinka's The Swamp Dweller
Year :- 2018-2020
Email-id :- nikitarathod0101@gmail.com
Words :- 1623
Submitted to :- Smt. S.B.Gardi Department of English. Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
(1) Human relationships in Wole Soyinka's The Swamp Dwellers
=> The characters in The Swamp Dwellers fell into three groups: the parents Makuri and Alo-conservative, the corrupt priest Kadiye, who beguiles his superstitious followers; and the two positive individuals Igwezu and the Beggar, moving, wondering, seeking and then uncertain what they have found. It is a play of mood and atmosphere, constructed so as to provide the audience with ample opportunity to make comparisons and reach judgment. Soyinka makes his points through implied contrasts and comparisons. In the play, there is contrast between twin brothers, father and son, between mother- in law and daughter- in- law, between the Beggar and host, comparison between Igwezu and the Beggar and the final contrast between the Beggar and the Priest Kadiye.
Two Brothers
The most obvious contrast is that between the twins brothers, who look alike but behave differently Awuchike has left home for ten years and lives in town. There he deals in timbers and thrives fast. But he never thinks of his poor old parents. Besides, he does not even communicate with his parents, as a result his mother thinks that, he died in swamp drowning, though his father knows that he is still alive in town and earning money there. He is dead to his parents and family responsibility/ whereas, Igwezu is quite opposite to him. He also goes to town with his wife to seek his fortune. He promised that, with first earned money, he will send a swivel chair for his father and he fulfils his promise. He communicates with his parents and looks after them. After all, Awuchike is callous, self centered, egoster, nonchalant, unmindful, undutiful ad disobedient towards parents but Igwezu is obedient, dutiful towards his parents.
Contrast between mother- in law and daughter- in- law
There is a contrast between the women in the family. Igwezus mother Alu is faithful and loyal to his father Makuri. Alu and Makuri lead their conjugal life in subsistence level. Makuri makes basket with rushes and Alu works at her adire cloth. Makuri is also an occasional barer. After all, they live from hand to mouth. In youth, Alu was very beautiful. A group of crocodile traders visited the Swamp and offered Alu to leave for city with them but Alu checked the temptation and rejected their offers. Throughout her life, she shares the well and woe of her husband and remains faithful. Makuri never feels tension for her sake. Besides, she loves the swamp region and never expresses any wish to leave for city. But Igwezus wife is reversed to Alu. Her condition before wedding was that, she must have to be taken to town after marriage. She does not like rustic life, careless about Igwezus parens. Besides, whenever he begins their urban life, Igwezus wife leaves him for wealthy Awuchike. The contrasting point between these two women is that, one is faithful and consistent to husband and another is inconsistent and unfaithful, one is materialistic, another is simple and honest.
Beggar in comparison to Igwezu
The blind beggar offers a comparison to Igwezu. The beggar loses his crops to locust and leaves his home in Bukanji, walks to the south passing through the city, searching for land to cultivate. Igwezu also loses his crops to flood leaves his home in Swamp and takes shelter in town. That is both experience misfortune but both are resolved to earn their livelihood by labor. They are unlike Awchike and Kadiye.
Contrast between Makuri and the beggar
There is a contrast between Makuri and the beggar. Though Makuri has eyesight, he cannot detect the mystery that his family is being beguiled, deceived by the corrupt Priest. But though the beggar is deprived of eyesight, his spiritual light is so powerful and penetrative that, he can detect the bulk of the Priest out of his voice. This means that, he can guess that the Priest is consuming their fresh crops by means of false rituals.
Beggar contrasts to the Priest Kadiye
The blind beggar also offers a contrast to the Priest Kadiye. Though he is regarded as beggar, actually, he does not believe in begging. Rather he believes in the virtue of diligence- this is how he leaves his home and gets out in search of a cultivable land. When the servant of the priest gives a coin, the beggar keeps his bowl upside down. The beggar is not superstitious. He can not believe that, there is any supernatural being in the name a serpent God, who possesses land. But, the priest whose head is bold, skin-tender, looks like greasy porpoises begs his in sophisticated form. He takes goats, ores and other sacrifices offered by the simple minded villagers. They offer the sacrifice to appease the God and want protection at their lives and crops. But the priest consumes when Igwezu asks, Why are you so fat? He leaves Makuris house. After all, the beggar wants to earn his livelihood by labor while the priest earns his livelihood by false bait and deception. The Beggar deceives none rather raises optimistic views in Igwezu but he priest deceives all.
Contrast between town and country
Finally there is a contrast between town and country. Life in town is source of pain, disappointment and frustration. It is a greed dominated place and only hard- hearted people prosper. But life in country is blend & sorrow and happiness. In village, the family is integrated, people are simple minded, hospitable, capable of being deceived very easily. Besides, the country people are the puppet at the hand of nature. Nature shatter their hope again offers the victim an optimism.
To conclude, through the typical characterization Wole Soyika brings to our notice the attitude, culture and life style of Nigerian people. Besides he shows how the overall economic growth affects the subsistence economy of Nigeria.
In The Swamp Dwellers Wole Soyinka shows that the arrival of modernity and industrialization in the Niger Delta region has a serious effect on the environment as well as on the family relationship and the relationship between the humans and their environment. The strong and respectful bond between the swamp dwellers and the swamp has been taken over by the arrival of the urban and capitalist forces. The Swamp Dwellers focuses on the conflict between the rural and the urban forces, the former being the symbol of honest living and honest thinking and the latter being the symbol of corruption, materialism and dishonesty. The swamp dwellers have lived in close contact with nature and have deep respect for their dwelling place and their environs until this rural, innocent forces are thwarted by the hard-hearted, materialistic urban forces. Traditionally, the swamp dwellers hold a philosophy to life that is quitessentially nature sensetive and nature protective.
The Swamp Dwellers narrates the story of an old, poor couple and their two sons living in the remote area of the Niger Delta region. The play opens with the old couple Makuri and Alu awaiting for their son Igwezu, who has returned from the city and gone to the swamp in order to calculate the damage done to his crops by the floods. It is from the conversation between Alu and Makuri we come to know that Igwezu is their younger son and they have another son named Awuchicke who went missing after he had gone to the city some ten years ago.
In The Swamp Dwellers, we see two different attitudes to the swamp by Igwezu and Awuchike, the twin brothers of the Makuri family. Igwezu shows the sign of a strong bond to his community. He has gone to the city, but still keeps his good connection with the swamp and his family. The swamp is the source of comfort as well as frustration for him. He has bought a barbers chair for his father with the first income in the city. The swamp waits for him with crop failure and starvation , but still he returns to the swamp. His return towards the swamp must be read, then, as an active, positive choice and not a retreat to the relative safety of his village. His negotiations with land and his decision to return to the swamp constitute his attitude to it. He has a strong attachment to the swamp, which offers him nothing but frustration. Awuchike, on the 10 other hand, shows a negative attitude to the social bond and his community. After he has gone to the city, he cuts off all his relationships not only with his community but also with his own parents. His parents wait for his return to the swamp or at least the news about his whereabouts. But he totally cuts off his relationship with his community. He even breaks the family tie by snatching away Igwezus wife Desala from his brother Igwezu.
Conclusion :-
In story both brother creates different example. One believes in change and another brother is not accepts change and he fails in the city, and in the story tradition and modernity is there. And Igwezu get failure in the city. Awuchike get success the city and because he accepts change. And he never returns in his village. And he becomes part of city. And Igwezu losts everything in his city. He losts his wife in the city. His wife is goes with Awuchike. So bothers but both are completely different.
Work- Cited :-
Articles, Literary. Wole Soyinkas Art of Characterization in the Play The Swamp Dwellers. 14 October 2012. 09 March 2020 <https://literacle.com/wole-soyinkas-art-of-characterization-in-the-play-the-swamp-dwellers/>.
Nuri, Mohammad Ataullah. The Human-environment Relationship in Wole Soyinka's The Swamp Dwellers. 2018. 09 March 2020 <https://www.academia.edu/40688330/The_Human-environment_Relationship_in_Wole_Soyinkas_The_Swamp_Dwellers>.
Assignment :- 13 Class difference in The White Tiger
Assignment :- 13 Class difference in The White Tiger
Name :- Rathod Nikita p.
Roll No :- 21
Enrolment no :- 2060108420190038
Semester :- M. A. Semester - 4
Assignment Topic :- Class difference in The White Tiger
Paper no :- 13 (The New Literature)
Year :- 2018-2020
Email-id :- nikitarathod0101@gmail.com
Words :- 1517
Submitted to :- Smt. S.B.Gardi Department of English. Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
(1) Class difference in The White Tiger.
=> The White Tiger is novel written by Arvind Adiga. First published in India in 2008 and also win the Man Booker Prize in 2008. In the story Balram Halwai is main character. He is the center in the story. The struggle among social classes has become prominent to a grea extent and the upper class society has been subjugating the middle and lower classes to suit their own needs. The White Tiger explores the controversial issues of Indian poverty and corruption vividly in a setting of 1990S economically booming Modern India.
The writer broadly discusses that the existence of neo-imperialism and the economical domination which were created under the colonial rule, still control the postcolonial nations like India, by their own elite groups. Only the authorities have been changed from the colonial masters to the upper class landlord's and Industrial magnates.
The white Tiger revolves around Balram Halwai, the Self-made entrepreneur who had once been a rickshaw puller's son. Rural India is shown to be dominated by economy. Balram belongs to the working class of rural Laxmangarh small village located in Bihar State in India. His family was very large and father is rickshaw puller who left his soul on the steps of government hospital. Balram is worked with his brother in tea canteen but cannot earn bread and butter for running family. So he determined to seek out new job of driving for better proppects. Balram has initial become aware about his ability, when school inspector asked questions, and he offers brilliant answers. He was named as "The White Tiger" by the school inspector. But poverty forces him to leave his school.
One working class exploits other class. And with the help of one village person he learns to drive. Poverty was the prime cause behind this entire predicament so for money he moves Dhanbad to Delhi in search for work. In Delhi, he got job as driver in a royal family having connections with political leaders in Delhi. He got job because he is from their village thus here we have tendency to see that class has sympathy about their village people. Balram takes support of religion to achieve first post in working class. He has struggled alot to achieve the faith of his owner and becomes successful as faithful servant.
Adiga has shown how poverty has usurped the whole society where the poor people are deprived of the basic rights of free citizens, like education and health. They exploited by rich people. Because of their poor condition. Such exploration leads the chracter like Balram Halwai to indulge in betrayal, Murder.
Example :- Ashok asks some questions to Balram.
"Mr. Ashok asked, 'How many planets are there in the sky?'
" Balram, who was the first prime minister of India? "
" And then : 'Balram, what is the difference between a Hindu and a Muslim?' "
And then : 'What is the name of our Continent?'
Mr. Ashok leaned back and asked pinky madam, Did you hear his answers? '
' Was he joking?', she asked.
So In this conversation Ashok asks some questions to Balram. Balram does not give any right answer of questions. Balram leaves his school because of poor condition. He works for his family in very early age. And Pinky Madam is a wife of Mr. Ashok. She does not like India. Balram does not English. That's why whenever Balram is there, at that time pinky Madam and Mr. Ashok speaks English language. So Language also becomes one reason of difference.
Then Balram said,
"Me, and thousands of others in this country like me, are half-baked, because we were never allowed to complete our schooling. Open our skulls, look in with a penlight, and you'll find an odd museum of ideas : sentences of history or mathematics remembered from school textbooks (no boy remembers his schooling like one who was taken out of school, let me assure you), sentences about politics read in a newspaper while waiting for someone to come to an office, triangles and pyramids seen on the torn pages of the old geometry textbooks which every tea shop in this country uses to wrap its snacks in, bits of All India Radio news bulletins, things that drop into your mind, like lizards from the ceiling, in the half-hour before falling asleep - all these ideas, half formed and half digested and half Correct, mix up with other half - cooked ideas in your head, and I guess these half-formed ideas bugger one another, and make more half-formed ideas, and this is what you act on and live with."
So Balram goes school but he does not complete his schooling because of poor condition. His father also died and that's why Balram and his brother get responsibility of his family. That's why he wants to complete his schooling but situations forces him that's why he leaves his school. He sacrifice for his family. They lives in very bad condition. And then he joins drivers job at Ashok's home. He is good observer. He learns through his observations. That's why In his life's journey he learns many things through his observations. And he also learns through his experience.
Adiga presents two different sides of India. One is dark side and another side is light side. one is the dark side where people have been suffering from extreme poverty, diseases, class struggle and illiteracy; and the other side is the glorious city life after the economical libaralisation in 1991. Balrams father dies of tuberculosis because of the poor treatment in the hospital and the corruption among the workers in the public fields. Despite being a bright student and having the rarest talent like the rare creature the white tiger Balram turns up to be the driver of the sons of the Stork.
And Mr. Ashok and Pinky Madam mocks on him, using a English language. And once Pinky Madam does incident. And because of her mistake that person is died. And Later on blame goes on Balram. And Balram goes in the jail. He does not do anything. But he becomes the part of that incident. And he becomes victims, even he is not part of that incident. Pinky Madam runaway. He belongs to poor condition that'swhy blame goes on him. And Pinky Madam remains innocent. Rich people have power and position. But Poor people nothing else. That's why they becomes helpless.
Adiga narrates story with dark humour. Social and political canvas is there. Ashok, despite being the son of a corrupt landlord, trusts Balram wholeheartedly, but Balram sees it as the ladder of his progression. Balram knows how the upper caste/class Indians once exploited the lower class people like his forefathers under the colonial rule. Despite being born in a poor family, Balram has a strong sense of perception and he uses it to listen to others capturing the best to develop his status. According to him, people are still living their lives in misery as they have less or no desire to change their status. Only seeing the rotten things would not make any change, one has to accumulate the best from the rotten ones.
Balram learns many things from his master. And He also kills his master Ashok. And takes his identity and becomes rich. The relativity of the centre and marginality is also a concern in this novel. The post-structural analysis of the novel shows how the binary oppositions created on the basis of power structure are completely relative. Master/slave, occident/orient, good/evil, day/night are just easily breakable and reversible structures in Adigas novel. The Balram takes the position of Ashok exploiting him. Balram also becomes like Mr. Ashok, he becomes murderer and he does corruption. He becomes rich in wrong way. For him money becomes more important.
Conclusion :-
So people are divided in class. Because economy people divide in poor or rich category. One has power and another has no power. The major cause of class conflict is inequality in the society that created distinction among people. When person does not possess access to the basic resources like nutritious food, healthy life, basic education, a job and own a home. This suggests that person is not just poor, but he is inadequate classes turned into class conflict. Poor people suffers to fulfill for their basic need. In the story also Balram struggles to get money. And he becomes rich. But his path is wrong. Balram comes from dark side, poverty and he becomes the part of another side light, bright side of India. Starting of the novel is poor and helpless but at end he becomes successful entrepreneur. He is man of action. He changes his situation through his disicion. At the end of the novel he get power and position in the society.
Work Cited :-
Singh, Smriti and Biswas, Sanjib Kr. Portrayal of Poverty and Corruption Ridden Postcolonial India in Aravind Adigas The White Tiger. 05 2017. 9 March 2020 <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317166161_Portrayal_of_Poverty_and_Corruption_Ridden_Postcolonial_India_in_Aravind_Adiga's_The_White_Tiger/citation/download>.
Mastud, Shahaji. From Class Consciousness to Individual Consciousness: The Contour of Inequality in Aravind Adigas The White Tiger. 10 2017. 8 March 2020 <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320754289_From_Class_Consciousness_to_Individual_Consciousness_The_Contour_of_Inequality_in_Aravind_Adiga's_The_White_Tiger/citation/download>.
Adiga, Arvind. The White Tiger. HarperCollins Publisher India a Joint Venture with The India Today Grroup. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publisher India a Joint Venture with The India Today Grroup, 2008.
Monday, 2 March 2020
The Moby Dick by Hermann Melville
Ishmael, the narrator, announces his intent to ship aboard a whaling vessel. He has made several voyages as a sailor but none as a whaler. He travels to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he stays in a whalers’ inn. Since the inn is rather full, he has to share a bed with a harpooner from the South Pacific named Queequeg. At first repulsed by Queequeg’s strange habits and shocking appearance (Queequeg is covered with tattoos), Ishmael eventually comes to appreciate the man’s generosity and kind spirit, and the two decide to seek work on a whaling vessel together. They take a ferry to Nantucket, the traditional capital of the whaling industry. There they secure berths on the Pequod, a savage-looking ship adorned with the bones and teeth of sperm whales. Peleg and Bildad, the Pequod’s Quaker owners, drive a hard bargain in terms of salary. They also mention the ship’s mysterious captain, Ahab, who is still recovering from losing his leg in an encounter with a sperm whale on his last voyage.
The Pequod leaves Nantucket on a cold Christmas Day with a crew made up of men from many different countries and races. Soon the ship is in warmer waters, and Ahab makes his first appearance on deck, balancing gingerly on his false leg, which is made from a sperm whale’s jaw. He announces his desire to pursue and kill Moby Dick, the legendary great white whale who took his leg, because he sees this whale as the embodiment of evil. Ahab nails a gold doubloon to the mast and declares that it will be the prize for the first man to sight the whale. As the Pequod sails toward the southern tip of Africa, whales are sighted and unsuccessfully hunted. During the hunt, a group of men, none of whom anyone on the ship’s crew has seen before on the voyage, emerges from the hold. The men’s leader is an exotic-looking man named Fedallah. These men constitute Ahab’s private harpoon crew, smuggled aboard in defiance of Bildad and Peleg. Ahab hopes that their skills and Fedallah’s prophetic abilities will help him in his hunt for Moby Dick.
The Pequod rounds Africa and enters the Indian Ocean. A few whales are successfully caught and processed for their oil. From time to time, the ship encounters other whaling vessels. Ahab always demands information about Moby Dick from their captains. One of the ships, the Jeroboam, carries Gabriel, a crazed prophet who predicts doom for anyone who threatens Moby Dick. His predictions seem to carry some weight, as those aboard his ship who have hunted the whale have met disaster. While trying to drain the oil from the head of a captured sperm whale, Tashtego, one of the Pequod’s harpooners, falls into the whale’s voluminous head, which then rips free of the ship and begins to sink. Queequeg saves Tashtego by diving into the ocean and cutting into the slowly sinking head.
During another whale hunt, Pip, the Pequod’s black cabin boy, jumps from a whaleboat and is left behind in the middle of the ocean. He goes insane as the result of the experience and becomes a crazy but prophetic jester for the ship. Soon after, the Pequod meets the Samuel Enderby, a whaling ship whose skipper, Captain Boomer, has lost an arm in an encounter with Moby Dick. The two captains discuss the whale; Boomer, happy simply to have survived his encounter, cannot understand Ahab’s lust for vengeance. Not long after, Queequeg falls ill and has the ship’s carpenter make him a coffin in anticipation of his death. He recovers, however, and the coffin eventually becomes the Pequod’s replacement life buoy.
Ahab orders a harpoon forged in the expectation that he will soon encounter Moby Dick. He baptizes the harpoon with the blood of the Pequod’s three harpooners. The Pequod kills several more whales. Issuing a prophecy about Ahab’s death, Fedallah declares that Ahab will first see two hearses, the second of which will be made only from American wood, and that he will be killed by hemp rope. Ahab interprets these words to mean that he will not die at sea, where there are no hearses and no hangings. A typhoon hits the Pequod, illuminating it with electrical fire. Ahab takes this occurrence as a sign of imminent confrontation and success, but Starbuck, the ship’s first mate, takes it as a bad omen and considers killing Ahab to end the mad quest. After the storm ends, one of the sailors falls from the ship’s masthead and drowns—a grim foreshadowing of what lies ahead.
Ahab’s fervent desire to find and destroy Moby Dick continues to intensify, and the mad Pip is now his constant companion. The Pequod approaches the equator, where Ahab expects to find the great whale. The ship encounters two more whaling ships, the Rachel and the Delight, both of which have recently had fatal encounters with the whale. Ahab finally sights Moby Dick. The harpoon boats are launched, and Moby Dick attacks Ahab’s harpoon boat, destroying it. The next day, Moby Dick is sighted again, and the boats are lowered once more. The whale is harpooned, but Moby Dick again attacks Ahab’s boat. Fedallah, trapped in the harpoon line, is dragged overboard to his death. Starbuck must maneuver the Pequod between Ahab and the angry whale.
On the third day, the boats are once again sent after Moby Dick, who once again attacks them. The men can see Fedallah’s corpse lashed to the whale by the harpoon line. Moby Dick rams the Pequod and sinks it. Ahab is then caught in a harpoon line and hurled out of his harpoon boat to his death. All of the remaining whaleboats and men are caught in the vortex created by the sinking Pequod and pulled under to their deaths. Ishmael, who was thrown from a boat at the beginning of the chase, was far enough away to escape the whirlpool, and he alone survives. He floats atop Queequeg’s coffin, which popped back up from the wreck, until he is picked up by the Rachel, which is still searching for the crewmen lost in her earlier encounter with Moby Dick.
The Pequod leaves Nantucket on a cold Christmas Day with a crew made up of men from many different countries and races. Soon the ship is in warmer waters, and Ahab makes his first appearance on deck, balancing gingerly on his false leg, which is made from a sperm whale’s jaw. He announces his desire to pursue and kill Moby Dick, the legendary great white whale who took his leg, because he sees this whale as the embodiment of evil. Ahab nails a gold doubloon to the mast and declares that it will be the prize for the first man to sight the whale. As the Pequod sails toward the southern tip of Africa, whales are sighted and unsuccessfully hunted. During the hunt, a group of men, none of whom anyone on the ship’s crew has seen before on the voyage, emerges from the hold. The men’s leader is an exotic-looking man named Fedallah. These men constitute Ahab’s private harpoon crew, smuggled aboard in defiance of Bildad and Peleg. Ahab hopes that their skills and Fedallah’s prophetic abilities will help him in his hunt for Moby Dick.
The Pequod rounds Africa and enters the Indian Ocean. A few whales are successfully caught and processed for their oil. From time to time, the ship encounters other whaling vessels. Ahab always demands information about Moby Dick from their captains. One of the ships, the Jeroboam, carries Gabriel, a crazed prophet who predicts doom for anyone who threatens Moby Dick. His predictions seem to carry some weight, as those aboard his ship who have hunted the whale have met disaster. While trying to drain the oil from the head of a captured sperm whale, Tashtego, one of the Pequod’s harpooners, falls into the whale’s voluminous head, which then rips free of the ship and begins to sink. Queequeg saves Tashtego by diving into the ocean and cutting into the slowly sinking head.
During another whale hunt, Pip, the Pequod’s black cabin boy, jumps from a whaleboat and is left behind in the middle of the ocean. He goes insane as the result of the experience and becomes a crazy but prophetic jester for the ship. Soon after, the Pequod meets the Samuel Enderby, a whaling ship whose skipper, Captain Boomer, has lost an arm in an encounter with Moby Dick. The two captains discuss the whale; Boomer, happy simply to have survived his encounter, cannot understand Ahab’s lust for vengeance. Not long after, Queequeg falls ill and has the ship’s carpenter make him a coffin in anticipation of his death. He recovers, however, and the coffin eventually becomes the Pequod’s replacement life buoy.
Ahab orders a harpoon forged in the expectation that he will soon encounter Moby Dick. He baptizes the harpoon with the blood of the Pequod’s three harpooners. The Pequod kills several more whales. Issuing a prophecy about Ahab’s death, Fedallah declares that Ahab will first see two hearses, the second of which will be made only from American wood, and that he will be killed by hemp rope. Ahab interprets these words to mean that he will not die at sea, where there are no hearses and no hangings. A typhoon hits the Pequod, illuminating it with electrical fire. Ahab takes this occurrence as a sign of imminent confrontation and success, but Starbuck, the ship’s first mate, takes it as a bad omen and considers killing Ahab to end the mad quest. After the storm ends, one of the sailors falls from the ship’s masthead and drowns—a grim foreshadowing of what lies ahead.
Ahab’s fervent desire to find and destroy Moby Dick continues to intensify, and the mad Pip is now his constant companion. The Pequod approaches the equator, where Ahab expects to find the great whale. The ship encounters two more whaling ships, the Rachel and the Delight, both of which have recently had fatal encounters with the whale. Ahab finally sights Moby Dick. The harpoon boats are launched, and Moby Dick attacks Ahab’s harpoon boat, destroying it. The next day, Moby Dick is sighted again, and the boats are lowered once more. The whale is harpooned, but Moby Dick again attacks Ahab’s boat. Fedallah, trapped in the harpoon line, is dragged overboard to his death. Starbuck must maneuver the Pequod between Ahab and the angry whale.
On the third day, the boats are once again sent after Moby Dick, who once again attacks them. The men can see Fedallah’s corpse lashed to the whale by the harpoon line. Moby Dick rams the Pequod and sinks it. Ahab is then caught in a harpoon line and hurled out of his harpoon boat to his death. All of the remaining whaleboats and men are caught in the vortex created by the sinking Pequod and pulled under to their deaths. Ishmael, who was thrown from a boat at the beginning of the chase, was far enough away to escape the whirlpool, and he alone survives. He floats atop Queequeg’s coffin, which popped back up from the wreck, until he is picked up by the Rachel, which is still searching for the crewmen lost in her earlier encounter with Moby Dick.
Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad
Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad
Heart of Darkness centers around Marlow, an introspective sailor, and his journey up the Congo River to meet Kurtz, reputed to be an idealistic man of great abilities. Marlow takes a job as a riverboat captain with the Company, a Belgian concern organized to trade in the Congo. As he travels to Africa and then up the Congo, Marlow encounters widespread inefficiency and brutality in the Company’s stations. The native inhabitants of the region have been forced into the Company’s service, and they suffer terribly from overwork and ill treatment at the hands of the Company’s agents. The cruelty and squalor of imperial enterprise contrasts sharply with the impassive and majestic jungle that surrounds the white man’s settlements, making them appear to be tiny islands amidst a vast darkness.
Marlow arrives at the Central Station, run by the general manager, an unwholesome, conspiratorial character. He finds that his steamship has been sunk and spends several months waiting for parts to repair it. His interest in Kurtz grows during this period. The manager and his favorite, the brickmaker, seem to fear Kurtz as a threat to their position. Kurtz is rumored to be ill, making the delays in repairing the ship all the more costly. Marlow eventually gets the parts he needs to repair his ship, and he and the manager set out with a few agents (whom Marlow calls pilgrims because of their strange habit of carrying long, wooden staves wherever they go) and a crew of cannibals on a long, difficult voyage up the river. The dense jungle and the oppressive silence make everyone aboard a little jumpy, and the occasional glimpse of a native village or the sound of drums works the pilgrims into a frenzy.
Marlow and his crew come across a hut with stacked firewood, together with a note saying that the wood is for them but that they should approach cautiously. Shortly after the steamer has taken on the firewood, it is surrounded by a dense fog. When the fog clears, the ship is attacked by an unseen band of natives, who fire arrows from the safety of the forest. The African helmsman is killed before Marlow frightens the natives away with the ship’s steam whistle. Not long after, Marlow and his companions arrive at Kurtz’s Inner Station, expecting to find him dead, but a half-crazed Russian trader, who meets them as they come ashore, assures them that everything is fine and informs them that he is the one who left the wood. The Russian claims that Kurtz has enlarged his mind and cannot be subjected to the same moral judgments as normal people. Apparently, Kurtz has established himself as a god with the natives and has gone on brutal raids in the surrounding territory in search of ivory. The collection of severed heads adorning the fence posts around the station attests to his “methods.” The pilgrims bring Kurtz out of the station-house on a stretcher, and a large group of native warriors pours out of the forest and surrounds them. Kurtz speaks to them, and the natives disappear into the woods.
The manager brings Kurtz, who is quite ill, aboard the steamer. A beautiful native woman, apparently Kurtz’s mistress, appears on the shore and stares out at the ship. The Russian implies that she is somehow involved with Kurtz and has caused trouble before through her influence over him. The Russian reveals to Marlow, after swearing him to secrecy, that Kurtz had ordered the attack on the steamer to make them believe he was dead in order that they might turn back and leave him to his plans. The Russian then leaves by canoe, fearing the displeasure of the manager. Kurtz disappears in the night, and Marlow goes out in search of him, finding him crawling on all fours toward the native camp. Marlow stops him and convinces him to return to the ship. They set off down the river the next morning, but Kurtz’s health is failing fast.
Short story :- Quality By John Gawsworthy
Short story :- Quality By John Gawsworthy
Mr. Gessler tells the narrator that “Dose big virms ‘ave no self-respect.” Ultimately, Gessler’s triumph is that of an artist who respects himself and his work. Mr. Gessler makes a quality product—it is so high quality, in fact, that the narrator claims it lasts forever. But Mr. Gessler is less concerned with selling more boots and making a profit than he is making a work of art, and in this regard he succeeds on his own terms.
Mr. Gessler is a German shoemaker who makes quality boots in London around the turn of the twentieth century. He buys the best leather and handcrafts the boots himself. But he can't make ends meet. Competitors advertise, which the Gesslers do not. People buy the lower-quality boots from other sellers, who more aggressively market. Mr. Gessler, however, refuses to compromise. He makes his boots the old-fashioned, high-quality way. He slowly starves to death, works night and day, and sometimes goes without a fire.
These are crushing adversities, and in the end, they kill Mr. Gessler. However, he triumphs in that he never compromises quality. His craft comes before his profit. He holds onto his integrity by doing his work in the old-fashioned way, the best way.
The story can be understood in the context of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Morris argued in favor of craftsmen. As factory-made goods displaced what was handcrafted, workers became alienated from their work. After all, rather than handcrafting items, they were simply running the machines that made them—but advertising allowed these inferior products to sell. This story criticizes a society that puts hype and profit ahead of quality workmanship. It implies that better supports were needed for people like Mr. Gessler, if only in the form of people noticing and buying from him, and mourns the passing of such craftsmen.
“Quality” tells the story of Mr. Gessler, a German shoemaker. Although Mr. Gessler makes the best boots in London, his business is failing because he is unable to compete with the big companies around him. These companies, we learn, earn their customers not through quality but advertising. Mr. Gessler is ultimately triumphant in that he is able to establish his own conditions for success; what matters most to Gessler is that he produces quality boots, and in this regard he succeeds.
Gessler views making boots as an art during a time in which the world around him is increasingly shaped by the buying and selling of commodities. Mr. Gessler refuses to give into modern business practices. Whereas his competitors depend on advertisement, Gessler’s approach is minimalist in nature:
There was no sign upon it other than the name of Gessler Brothers; and in the window a few pairs of boots. He made only what was ordered, and what he made never failed to fit.
Mr. Gessler tells the narrator that “Dose big virms ‘ave no self-respect.” Ultimately, Gessler’s triumph is that of an artist who respects himself and his work. Mr. Gessler makes a quality product—it is so high quality, in fact, that the narrator claims it lasts forever. But Mr. Gessler is less concerned with selling more boots and making a profit than he is making a work of art, and in this regard he succeeds on his own terms.
Mr. Gessler is a German shoemaker who makes quality boots in London around the turn of the twentieth century. He buys the best leather and handcrafts the boots himself. But he can't make ends meet. Competitors advertise, which the Gesslers do not. People buy the lower-quality boots from other sellers, who more aggressively market. Mr. Gessler, however, refuses to compromise. He makes his boots the old-fashioned, high-quality way. He slowly starves to death, works night and day, and sometimes goes without a fire.
These are crushing adversities, and in the end, they kill Mr. Gessler. However, he triumphs in that he never compromises quality. His craft comes before his profit. He holds onto his integrity by doing his work in the old-fashioned way, the best way.
The story can be understood in the context of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Morris argued in favor of craftsmen. As factory-made goods displaced what was handcrafted, workers became alienated from their work. After all, rather than handcrafting items, they were simply running the machines that made them—but advertising allowed these inferior products to sell. This story criticizes a society that puts hype and profit ahead of quality workmanship. It implies that better supports were needed for people like Mr. Gessler, if only in the form of people noticing and buying from him, and mourns the passing of such craftsmen.
Sunday, 1 March 2020
Essay :- Myth, Fiction and Displacement by Northop Frye
Essay :- Myth, Fiction and Displacement by Northop Frye
Myth is a conception running through multiple facilities of thought.
The question is why in literature? It has alway been and integral part of literature. As literature has the tendencies to convince.
There are two divisons of literary work.
1. Fiction - Novel, plays, Narrative poetry, Fock Tales
2. Thematic - Lyrics, Essays
In this perticular essay we are concerned with the fictional part of literature.
Myth is looking at literature's existence parallel by looking beyond the movement of time.
Continuity is important in literature. It may be logical, psychological, pseudogical, and rehotorical.
The whole concept of continuity may be an illusion as well as reality. Plot remains the essence of fiction.
Myth is a conception running through multiple facilities of thought.
The question is why in literature? It has alway been and integral part of literature. As literature has the tendencies to convince.
There are two divisons of literary work.
1. Fiction - Novel, plays, Narrative poetry, Fock Tales
2. Thematic - Lyrics, Essays
In this perticular essay we are concerned with the fictional part of literature.
Myth is looking at literature's existence parallel by looking beyond the movement of time.
Continuity is important in literature. It may be logical, psychological, pseudogical, and rehotorical.
The whole concept of continuity may be an illusion as well as reality. Plot remains the essence of fiction.
Essay :- Preface to the plays of Shakespeare by Samuel Johnson
Essay :- Preface to the plays of Shakespeare by Samuel Johnson
Samuel Johnson wrote essay on Shakespeare's plays. First he gives positive points and then he gives nagative points of Shakespearean plays.
#Positive points of Shakespeare's plays
In this essay Samuel Johnson wishes to justify the elements of Shakespeare even after so many years, he like other dramatists does not use any highperbolic languages for any chracter which makes plot to relatable.
Shakespeare does not have any heroes he only has chracters who would enacts in the same manner as the natural personhood in that situation.
Sometimes he represents, he thinks and the events which lack any possibilities but he presents very subtle and all the situations reflect the human nature in one way or the other way.
For this is specific reason Shakespearean drama is consider to be a mirror of life which represents human sentiments in a very believable language.
Characters are man and woman and not Queens and Kings.
Negative points of Shakespeare's plays
Shakespeare perhaps has mood negative as compared to positive in his writing. He secrifices virtues to convince and sometimes without any moral purpose.
Chance factor is a supposed to be the main stay of Shakespearean drama.
Both the above mention points are defects as the writers duty is to make the world better.
The plots are often loosely structur sometimes he can not comprehend his own design and always seems to go for an assault opposition.
The later part of the play is totally neglected and imperfection is evident at the end.
Poem :- My Grandmother by Elizabeth Jennings
Poem :- My Grandmother by Elizabeth Jennings
"My Grandmother" by Elizabeth Jennings explores the relationship between the personae and her grandmother. It focuses on the remorse and guilt she felt after her grandmother passed away.
Elizabeth's grandmother owned an antique shop, which she cherished more than anything or anyone. She kept lots of antiques. She kept so many of them that they became to dictate your life. She has a great relationship and a passion with her possessions.
In the antique shop there was heavy furniture, which had been faded over the years. There was a good atmosphere in the shop. She polished the objects and antiques very well. It was a well-run shop. When she looks in the brass she sees her own reflection. She has a better relationshiponship with the shop than any of her family, or friends.
Her Grandmother asked her Granddaughter if she would go out with her but she refused and thought her Grandmother would own her but not love her. She felt abstinent, and felt she should have gone with her, but also had to say what she felt. She did not want to go with her, so she said 'no'.
She was starting to feel guilty about refusing to go out with her grandmother.
She walked into her grandmothers room and saw all of her belongings, which was in there, and realised that she needed none of it. She never used of it. It was just walked. In her room there was dust or finger marks where the dust would be collected over a day or two. It was beginning to show because she was not there to clean it.
"My Grandmother" by Elizabeth Jennings explores the relationship between the personae and her grandmother. It focuses on the remorse and guilt she felt after her grandmother passed away.
Elizabeth's grandmother owned an antique shop, which she cherished more than anything or anyone. She kept lots of antiques. She kept so many of them that they became to dictate your life. She has a great relationship and a passion with her possessions.
In the antique shop there was heavy furniture, which had been faded over the years. There was a good atmosphere in the shop. She polished the objects and antiques very well. It was a well-run shop. When she looks in the brass she sees her own reflection. She has a better relationshiponship with the shop than any of her family, or friends.
Her Grandmother asked her Granddaughter if she would go out with her but she refused and thought her Grandmother would own her but not love her. She felt abstinent, and felt she should have gone with her, but also had to say what she felt. She did not want to go with her, so she said 'no'.
She was starting to feel guilty about refusing to go out with her grandmother.
She walked into her grandmothers room and saw all of her belongings, which was in there, and realised that she needed none of it. She never used of it. It was just walked. In her room there was dust or finger marks where the dust would be collected over a day or two. It was beginning to show because she was not there to clean it.
Poem :- Day Break by H. W. Longfellow
Poem :- Day Break by H. W. Longfellow
'Daybreak' by H. W. Longfellow is basically a nature poem. This activity of sea wind at dawn is described in the poem. Longfellow has personified the sea wind and presented the poem in form of a dialogue.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's ancestry is recorded in his name. The Wadsworth and Longfellow families were representative of New England's modest, old-stock, cultural elite. In the early Republic they became part of the rising middle class. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was American's most beloved nineteenth century poet and ia an integral part of our culture today. In his best known poems, Longfellow created myths and classic epics from American historical events and materials he reminded Americans pf the their roots and in the process an American icon himself.
At Daybreak a wind rises from sea. It receives the meassag of the morning and starts to blow. It takes up a duty to spread the news. The heavy mists obstruct the wind. But wind is determined to blow.
It is in haste and wants to make all awake. So it requests the mists not to obstruct it. It first sees the ships anchored. But they should be set free from their anchors as the sun rises and darkness is over.
The wind reminds the mariners to undertake a new journey. It blows over the distant lands and calls to arise and awake. It calls the forest to unfold its leaves, twigs and branches fully and freely. It tells the wood birds to get up and starts singing. Their song will announce the beginning of the day. It prompts the domestic cocks to heard the day.
The light of the sun is source of life to the plants of the fields. They are looked after and nourished by it. They should be grateful to the sun. So the wind tells them to bow down their heads and express their gratitude.
The wind passes through the church tower and results the bell to ring in the pleasant hour. Finally, the wind arrives at the graveyard of the church. It sighs sadly for the dead and softly tells them to sleep on becuse it is yet the Judgement Day.
'Daybreak' by H. W. Longfellow is basically a nature poem. This activity of sea wind at dawn is described in the poem. Longfellow has personified the sea wind and presented the poem in form of a dialogue.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's ancestry is recorded in his name. The Wadsworth and Longfellow families were representative of New England's modest, old-stock, cultural elite. In the early Republic they became part of the rising middle class. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was American's most beloved nineteenth century poet and ia an integral part of our culture today. In his best known poems, Longfellow created myths and classic epics from American historical events and materials he reminded Americans pf the their roots and in the process an American icon himself.
At Daybreak a wind rises from sea. It receives the meassag of the morning and starts to blow. It takes up a duty to spread the news. The heavy mists obstruct the wind. But wind is determined to blow.
It is in haste and wants to make all awake. So it requests the mists not to obstruct it. It first sees the ships anchored. But they should be set free from their anchors as the sun rises and darkness is over.
The wind reminds the mariners to undertake a new journey. It blows over the distant lands and calls to arise and awake. It calls the forest to unfold its leaves, twigs and branches fully and freely. It tells the wood birds to get up and starts singing. Their song will announce the beginning of the day. It prompts the domestic cocks to heard the day.
The light of the sun is source of life to the plants of the fields. They are looked after and nourished by it. They should be grateful to the sun. So the wind tells them to bow down their heads and express their gratitude.
The wind passes through the church tower and results the bell to ring in the pleasant hour. Finally, the wind arrives at the graveyard of the church. It sighs sadly for the dead and softly tells them to sleep on becuse it is yet the Judgement Day.
Thursday, 27 February 2020
Sunday, 23 February 2020
Thinking Activity :- ELT :- Expert Lecture : Atanu Bhattachrya
Thinking Activity :- ELT :- Expert Lecture : Atanu Bhattachrya
Hu
We have guest on 25,26,27 at Department of English MKBU. Atanu Bhattachrya came te teach us, and topic is ELT.
Language creates reality. In Renaissance many uropean languages established.
* Three logic is there.
1. Religion
2. Language
3. Ethnicity
Philosophy is Reintroducing. Linguistics begins discipline in India. In 1774 Asian society found in Kalkatta. It becomes necessary to people's language.
Motdo Matr Mater Mutter Mother
Piter Pater Patter Pather Father
And two schools are there.
1. Mother Tongue
2. Other Language
Natural Method :- You expose to student, they learn their ownself. So it becomes important aspect of learning.
Phonetics :- sound has also meaning.
Translation uses to support Language. Language Teaching is a part of Veda. In past also narrative mode story is there.
Friday, 14 February 2020
Tuesday, 11 February 2020
Thinking Activity :- Teaching and Learning : Web 2.0 Tools - Various Web tools for Teaching language skills
Thinking Activity :- Teaching and Learning : Web 2.0 Tools - Various Web tools for Teaching language skills
Google Translate is a free multilingual machine translation service developed by Google, to translate text. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, and an application programming interface that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications.
Many Languages are there in this app. And it is helpful to translate in any Languages. And in this app camera, Handwriting, Conversation and Voice options are there.
Skills ;-
1. writing
2. Speaking
3. Reading
4. Listening
This app is helpful to translate language. So it becomes very useful.
Sometimes This app does not gives perfect translation. And that's why sometimes it creates difficulties. But it gives hint, that's why one or other way it becomes useful to learn translation.
2. Blogger :-
Blogger is a blog-publishing service that allows multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. It was developed by Pyra Labs, which was bought by Google in 2003. The blogs are hosted by Google and generally accessed from a subdomain of blogspot.com.
Blogger is also useful. Through this app we can improve our writing skill. So it's very useful. Through this app we share our experience, our thinking, and so it becomes useful tool. In this many features are there pictures, videos and different themes also available. Skill :-
1. Writing skill
2. Reading skill
Through this app this both skills is developed. This app gives space for writing. And we can read also others blog. So it becomes useful.
Thinking Activity : The Sense of an Ending
Thinking Activity : The Sense of an Ending
To Know more about this thinking activity Click Here
About Author :-
Julian Patrick Barnes is an English Writer. Barnes won the Man Booker Prize for his book The Sense of an Ending (2001), and three of his earlier books had been shortlisted for the Booker prize: Flaubert's Parrot (1984), England, England (1998), and Arthur & George (2005). He has also written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh. In addition to novels, Barnes has Published collections of essays and short stories. In 2004 he became a Commandeur of L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. His honours also include the Somerset Award and the Geoffrey Faber Memorial prize.
About Novel :-
The Sense of an Ending is a 2011 novel written by British author Jullian Barnes. The book is Barnes' eleventh novel written under his own name and was released on 4 August 2011 in the United kingdom. The Sense of an Ending is narrated by a retired man named Tony Webster, who recalls how he and his clique met Adrian Finn at school and vowed to remain friends for life. When the past catches up with Tony, he reflects on the paths he and his friends have taken. In October 2011, The Sense of an Ending was awarded the Man Booker prize. The following month it was nominated in the novels category at the Costa Book Awards.
(1) How do you decipher the equation: b = s – v x/+ a1 or a2 + v + a1 X s = b?
=> B= Baby S= Sarah V= veronica a1= Adrian A2 = Anthony B= baby. There is relation between sarah and adrian. And Adrian levaes Veronica. And both have baby and that baby is abnormal.
(2) Adrian’s diary is willed to Tony by Sarah Ford. Why did Sarah Ford own it? Why was it in the possession of Veronica?
=> Adrian goes at Veronica's home to meet her father. later on Adrian has relation with Sarah. That's why Adrian's diary is willed to Tony by Sarah Ford.
(3) Was the mentally retarded middle aged ‘Adrian’, Tony’s friend who did not commit suicide and was suffering from trauma and thus gone mad, and was living with hidden identity?
=> Adrian died but his reason is not clarify in the novel. Writer also keeps secret in the text. Writer also does not mention that why Adrian does suicide. And Adrian and Sarah has relation. And taht's why their kid is abnormal.
(4) How was Veronica related to Adrian, the one suffering in care-in-the-community?
=> Adrian and veronica has relation. but later on their realtion breaks. And then later on Adrian and Sarah has a relation. And their child is abnormal. Then Sarah and Adrian dies. That's why Veronica takes all the responsibility of that child.
(5) Do you see any missing block – some dot which is not getting connected with the whole or dot missing to get full sense of the novel - in the plot of this psychological thriller?
=> This novel Creates suspense among reader. And it keeps the sceretes at the ending line of the novel. so this novel is mysterious. It starts with flashback technique.
(6) Do you see any possible reason in the suicide of Adrian Finn?
=> Maybe he lives his life and that's why he kills his self . And another reason is that his child is abnormal and Sarah also died. That's why he feels loneliness. And he does not bare. that's why he does suicide.
To Know more about this thinking activity Click Here
About Author :-
Julian Patrick Barnes is an English Writer. Barnes won the Man Booker Prize for his book The Sense of an Ending (2001), and three of his earlier books had been shortlisted for the Booker prize: Flaubert's Parrot (1984), England, England (1998), and Arthur & George (2005). He has also written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh. In addition to novels, Barnes has Published collections of essays and short stories. In 2004 he became a Commandeur of L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. His honours also include the Somerset Award and the Geoffrey Faber Memorial prize.
About Novel :-
The Sense of an Ending is a 2011 novel written by British author Jullian Barnes. The book is Barnes' eleventh novel written under his own name and was released on 4 August 2011 in the United kingdom. The Sense of an Ending is narrated by a retired man named Tony Webster, who recalls how he and his clique met Adrian Finn at school and vowed to remain friends for life. When the past catches up with Tony, he reflects on the paths he and his friends have taken. In October 2011, The Sense of an Ending was awarded the Man Booker prize. The following month it was nominated in the novels category at the Costa Book Awards.
(1) How do you decipher the equation: b = s – v x/+ a1 or a2 + v + a1 X s = b?
=> B= Baby S= Sarah V= veronica a1= Adrian A2 = Anthony B= baby. There is relation between sarah and adrian. And Adrian levaes Veronica. And both have baby and that baby is abnormal.
(2) Adrian’s diary is willed to Tony by Sarah Ford. Why did Sarah Ford own it? Why was it in the possession of Veronica?
=> Adrian goes at Veronica's home to meet her father. later on Adrian has relation with Sarah. That's why Adrian's diary is willed to Tony by Sarah Ford.
(3) Was the mentally retarded middle aged ‘Adrian’, Tony’s friend who did not commit suicide and was suffering from trauma and thus gone mad, and was living with hidden identity?
=> Adrian died but his reason is not clarify in the novel. Writer also keeps secret in the text. Writer also does not mention that why Adrian does suicide. And Adrian and Sarah has relation. And taht's why their kid is abnormal.
(4) How was Veronica related to Adrian, the one suffering in care-in-the-community?
=> Adrian and veronica has relation. but later on their realtion breaks. And then later on Adrian and Sarah has a relation. And their child is abnormal. Then Sarah and Adrian dies. That's why Veronica takes all the responsibility of that child.
(5) Do you see any missing block – some dot which is not getting connected with the whole or dot missing to get full sense of the novel - in the plot of this psychological thriller?
=> This novel Creates suspense among reader. And it keeps the sceretes at the ending line of the novel. so this novel is mysterious. It starts with flashback technique.
(6) Do you see any possible reason in the suicide of Adrian Finn?
=> Maybe he lives his life and that's why he kills his self . And another reason is that his child is abnormal and Sarah also died. That's why he feels loneliness. And he does not bare. that's why he does suicide.
Wednesday, 5 February 2020
Thinking Activity :- Waiting For the Barbarians
Thinking Activity :- Waiting For the Barbarians
We have expert Lecture on "Waiting For the Barbarians" by R. B. Zala Sir at Department Of English, MKBU. Dr. Dilip Barad sir organised expert Lecture. R. B. Zala Sir came from Saurashtra University. For two days 8&9 January 2020 sir came to teach us.
(1) About the Author
=>
John Maxwell Coetzee is a South African born novelist, essayist, linguist, translator and recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He has also won the Booker Prize (twice), the CNA Prize (Thrice), the Jerusalem Prize, the Prix Femina etranger, The Irish Times International Fiction Prize, and holds a number of other awards and honorary doctprates. He is one of the most critically acclaimed decorated authors in the English language.
=> About Novel :-
Waiting For the Barbarians is a novel by the South African born writer J. M. Coetzee. First published in 1980, it was chosen by Penguin for its series Great Books of the 20th century and won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for fiction. American Composer Phillip Glass has also written an opera of the same name based on the book which premiered in September 2005 at Theater Erfurt, Germany. Coetzee took the title from the poem "Waiting For the Barbarians" by the Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy. Coetzee's novel has been deeply influenced by Italian writer Dino Buzzati's novel The Tartar Steppe.
(2) Plot Summary
=>The story is narrated by Magistrate. And another chracter is Colonel Joll, he came in the village because, he get information that Barbarians are came in the village, and they are came to attack on the village. He tries a lot to find Barbarians. And he tortures people and gives punishment. Magistrate does not like this. In this one blind girl came, her legs are broken. And then magistrate takes care of her. In this story Joll waits For Barbarians, but Barbarians never came. And that's why he doubles on native people, he tortures them. He uses his power in wrong way to control the people.
(3) Character study
=> * The magistrate
The magistrate is an aging judge who thinks he is living a peaceful existence. But he slowly realizes his culpability in the mistreatment of others, namely the barbarians whose land the Empire colonizes.
* Colonel Joll
Colonel Joll is the violent, sadistic military leader who actively seeks out prisoners to torture, whether or not they are suspected of any crimes.
* The girl
The girl is an innocent nomad tortured by Joll during the campaign against the barbarians. She comes to live with the magistrate before eventually being returned to her people.
* Mandel
Mandel is put in charge of the magistrate's imprisonment and torture. He exploits his position of power and eventually abandons his post.
* The barbarians
The barbarians are natives thought to be plotting against the Empire. Fear of barbarian attacks fuels panic in the town, although the barbarians themselves are rarely seen.
* The barbarian boy
The barbarian boy is one of the first prisoners Joll questions. Although the boy is likely innocent, he confesses to knowing about an impending barbarian attack as a result of Joll's torture.
* The barbarian boy
The barbarian boy is one of the first prisoners Joll questions. Although the boy is likely innocent, he confesses to knowing about an impending barbarian attack as a result of Joll's torture.
* The guard
The guard helps the magistrate carry the body of one of the prisoners Colonel Joll tortures.
* Mai
Mai is the scullery cook with whom the magistrate starts a sexual relationship, although both parties are ashamed of their arrangement.
* The old man
The old man is brought in for questioning by Joll after being found by the granary after an attack. He dies as a result of torture during his questioning, and his death prompts the magistrate to begin investigating the Empire's tactics.
* The scullery maids
The scullery maids become the girl's friends while she is living with the magistrate. The magistrate imagines they gossip about him during their work. Before the girl came to stay with him, the magistrate sometimes slept with the young maids.
* The soldiers
There are various guards and soldiers under Mandel's command. They disrespect the townsfolk and steal from the shops, arrogant in their power. They know that the townsfolk need them for protection and that they can get away with anything as long as they stay to protect against the barbarians.
(4) Central Theme
=> Colonialism becomes central theme of Waiting for the barbarians. Because Power rules on people. Power has position, and that's why they attack on people. And people become the part of their violence. They are in marginalised position, that's why they have no right to raise their voice against power. And they try, then they get punishment. And they suffers physically.
(5) Marginal Themes
=> In this Novel power plays important role. Power rules on people. And people becomes puppet, because of power. That's why In the novel power tortures alot. And people suffers alot. People are innocent, but they does not get voice to speak because they are in marginalised position. That's why they struggles alot, physically and mentally,
(6) Comparison with other texts
=> some examples :-
The novel Foe, written by the South African author J. M. Coetzee is a rewriting of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.
* A Tempest and The Tempest
A Tempest is written by Amie Cesaire. It is adaptation of Shakespeare's The Tempest.
* Kosala, a debut novel of Nemade, was first published in September 1963. In this use of first-person narrative technique is there. This novel is Marathi novel. It is translated into English and name is "COCOON".
(7) With the use of first-person narrative technique, most striking unique feature of this novel
=> In the novel through the chracter of Megistrate, writers shows reality. When Joll came at that time he becomes power less. Because Joll works on his path. And he tortures and controls people. And Magistrate is narrator, but when Joll came at that time he becomes power less.
(8) Learning outcome
=> In this Novel Joll waiting for the Barbarians but Barbarians never came in the novel. Sometimes we are waiting for something, eagerly but when it came our Eagerness is dies. Our joy converts into pain.
