To talk with French professors

To talk with French professors

On 22 January French professors prof. Saeed padvani and Fantanini christine from university of Laraine, France.

They talks about their cumture. And they also gives information about their eduction system. They were very curious to interact with students. 

They also gives information about their social systems. Prof. Saeed don't have citizenship of france. He came to France to learn french language.

  

They also talks about gap between rich and poor. And they also talks about their social issues. And talks about opportunities in job. 

Talk with vishal badani sir

Talk with vishal badani sir 
     



On 1st  January, 2019 in our department organisation of workshop on translation studies and talk with an author  Vishal Bhadani. 

The workshop was divided in to two sessions. In the first session he talk about his book of  short story collection Fictionalay and he read a few stories in his book . He send a story like..
   1. Mara hath nu vat nathi
      2. Museum of innocence
      3. Sansai and ranzana
      4. Spring
      5. Kamayan

Sir reads many stories in his book. Sir also writes many short stories. Sir also translates the books. Sir also givgi information about transltion. It is vert interedting session with vishal sir. We all are enjoyed this session. Sir also publishes many books. 

Movie Review River and Tide

Movie Review River and Tide

We have watched this documentary on 14th March. Which was about nature and also interesting movie. Andy Goldsworthy was working with time. This movie related to natural elements. 

 creates mountain shape with stone in the river and show what is reaction of nature carry or change. This experiment through we can say he respects process of life and death. He created lot of things sometimes he became success and sometimes he became failure to making arts but he never deficted. 

Goldsworthy says that "Art for me is a form of nourishment".  He notices sculpture, "The very thing that brought it to life, will bring about its death." The documentary described about Scottish landscapes. He talks about the impact of sheep on the Scottish landscape, and made a chain of green leaves and placed them in the water. Beautiful stonewall, crosses a field, and goes under a river, and emerges to wind through the trees on the other side. 

There is a flow in nature. In the movie covers many beautiful sides of nature.  That's why it creates interest in our mind. It creates a besuty in ftont of our eyes. 

Thinking Activity :- Derrida

Thinking Activity :- Derrida

Jacques Derrida was an Algerian-born French philosopher best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction, which he discussed in numerous texts, and developed in the context of phenomenology. He is one of the major figures associated with post-structuralism and postmodern philosophy.

Derrida deconstructs the metaphysics of presence. That is to say that according to Derrida there is no presence or truth apart from language. He seeks to prove that the structurality of the structure does not indicate a presence above its free play of signs. This presence was earlier supposed to be the centre of the structure which was paradoxically thought to be within, and outside this structure, it was truth and within, it was intelligibility. But Derrida contends that, ‘the centre could not be thought in the form of a being-presence’, and that in any given text, there is only a free play of an infinite number of sign substitutions. A word is explained by another word which is only a word not an existence. Thus a text is all words which are just words, not indicative of any presence beyond them. In the words of John Sturrock, “The resort to language or sign entails, we know the loss of all uniqueness and immediacy. The sign is not the thing in itself”. It is utteractive or repeatable. A sign which was uttered only once would be not sign. It is the types of which each utterance istoken.

There is no a-textual origin of a text. The author’s plan of a book is a text. His realization of the same book is another text. Its summary is third text. A text kindles a text and there is no truth beyond the text that the text seeks to represent or explain. There is no reality other than textuality. The textuality is the free play of signifiers. There is no signified that is not itself a signifier.

In the words of John Sturrock, Derrida seeks to undermine “a prevailing and generally unconscious ‘idealism’, which asserts that language does not create meanings but reveals them, thereby implying that meanings, pre-exists their expression”. This for Derrida is nonsense. For him there can be no meaning which is not formulated, we cannot reach outside language.

In deconstruction reading between the lines is very important .  Reading against text is becomes neceddary that's why we find something new. To find a hidden meaning is very impirtant. 

Thinking Activity :- T. S Eliot

Thinking Activity :- T. S Eliot 

DescriptionThomas Stearns Eliot, OM, "one of the twentieth century's major poets" was also an essayist, publisher, playwright, and literary and social critic. Eliot also made significant contributions to the field of literary criticism, strongly influencing the school of New Criticism. He was somewhat self-deprecating and minimising of his work and once said his criticism was merely a "by-product" of his "private poetry-workshop" But the critic William Empson once said, "I do not know for certain how much of my own mind [Eliot] invented, let alone how much of it is a reaction against him or indeed a consequence of misreading him. He is a very penetrating influence, perhaps not unlike the east wind."

In his critical essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent", Eliot argues that art must be understood not in a vacuum, but in the context of previous pieces of art. "In a peculiar sense [an artist or poet] ... must inevitably be judged by the standards of the past."This essay was an important influence over the New Criticism by introducing the idea that the value of a work of art must be viewed in the context of the artist's previous works, a "simultaneous order" of works (i.e., "tradition"). Eliot himself employed this concept on many of his works, especially on his long-poem The Waste Land.

(1) How would you like to explain Eliot's concept of Tradition?  Do you agree with it? 

Ans : yes,  I  agree with Eliot's concept of tradition. Eliot takes the tradition in a positive way as well as in a larger sense.  Tradition is not inherited but it must be acquired with great labor.  So we can say that he put emphasizes on mingling the past and present with historical sense. The tradition means the work of writer and their writing style. Every writer contributes his talent in his tradition. It is the tradition with which we compare our present writer and find newness in present work.it is simple that we come to know about the new because there is something that we call past.


(2) what do you understand by Historical sense ? 

Ans : The historical sense means as Eliot presented in his essay.

" The historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence ".
       
         The writer should be aware of the past and how the mistakes of the past should not repeat be in the contemporary time. Which means that it involves perception of the presence of the past not only it's pastness. It it is not only to know about historical fact but mainly it's about that in which way people were living in the past and how that past is presented in the contemporary time.


" The historical sense, which is a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal and of the timeless and of the temporal together. Is what makes a writer traditional. 

    Which means that with the help of historical sense a writer can create the work which has timeless and temporal both together.


(3)  what is the relationship between " Tradition " and " The individual Talent " , According to the poet T. S. Eliot? 

Ans : According to T.S.Eliot ,individual Talent is a part of tradition. They are inseparable. A creative artist while creating his work not only considers literature of his own time but also the classical.

(4) Explain : " some can absorb knowledge , the more tardy must sweat for it.  Shakespeare acquired more essential history from Plutarch than most men could from the whole British Museum. "

Ans :In this quote Eliot explain that to be a good poet one must have the common sense.  It is not necessary for a poet to read all the literary history of the past but one has to have Shakespeare who is not a university student or very educated fellow ,but he easily understood everything which the university wits and his contemporary could not.

(5) Explain : " Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry. "

Ans : This quote means we should disconnect a poet from poetry to pass a fair judgement. A poem should be judge by its words not by the history of the poet.

(6) How would you like to Explain Eliot's theory of depersonalization ? You can explain with the help of chemical reaction in presence of catalyst agent, platinum. 

Ans : Eliot explains the theory of depersonalization with the help of science which makes it quite interesting as well as easy to understand.  He describes the process of making sulfuric acid.  This sulfuric acid is made from sulfur dioxide and water but entire process can't take place in the absence of platinum. In this process platinum is essential element.

(7) Explain :" poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotions it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. "

Ans : According to T. S.Eliot, a poet writes poetry not to release his emotions , but he wants to escape from his emotion. He doesn't want to face it. He wants to escape from his personality from its real self rather than expressing his personality.

(8) write two points on which one can write critique on T.S.Eliot as a critic. 

Ans : As per my understanding one can write critique on following two points.....
  
    1. Eliot's concept of Tradition
    2. " poetry is not a turning loose of emotion. But as escape from emotions ,it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality.

Thinking Activity :- I. A. Richards

Thinking Activity :- I. A. Richards

DescriptionIvor Armstrong Richards, known as I. A. Richards, was an English educator, literary critic, and rhetorician whose work contributed to the foundations of the New Criticism, a formalist movement in literary.
Richard's intellectual contributions to the establishments of the literary methodology of the New Criticism are presented in the books The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism, by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism , practical criticism and The Philosophy of Rhetoric.


Examples  :-

पंछी बनूँ उड़ती फिरू मस्त गगन मे
आज मैं आज़ाद हू दुनिया की चमन मे
पंछी बनूँ उड़ती फिरू मस्त गगन मे
आज मैं आज़ाद हू दुनिया की चमन मे
हिल्लोरी(हिल्लोरी, हिलो हिलो हिलो री)
हिल्लोरी(हिल्लोरी, हिलो हिलो हिलो री)
हिल्लोरी(हिल्लोरी, हिलो हिलो हिलो री)
हिल्लोरी(हिल्लोरी, हिलो हिलो हिलो री)
ओ मेरे जीवन मे चमका सवेरा
ओ मिटा दिल से वो गम का अंधेरा
ओ हरे खेतो मे गाए कोई लहरा
ओ यहा दिल पर किसिका ना बैरा
रंग बहारो ने भरा मेरे जीवन मे
रंग बहारो ने भरा मेरे जीवन मे
आज मैं आज़ाद हू दुनिया की चमन मे
पंछी बनूँ उड़ती फिरू मस्त गगन मे
आज मैं आज़ाद हू दुनिया की चमन मे
ओ दिल ये चाहे बहारो से खेलु
ओ गोरी नादिया की धारो से खेलु
ओ चाँद सूरज सितारो से खेलु
ओ अपनी बाहो मे आकाश लेलू
बढ़ती चालू गाती चालू अपनी लगन मे
बढ़ती चालू गाती चालू अपनी लगन मे
आज मैं आज़ाद हू दुनिया की चमन मे
पंछी बनूँ…


In this song it is writer's imagination it is not happens in real situation. So here poet used the metaphor of bird . SHe wants to free from all the cicircumstance. Words shows her happiness. 

Thinking Activity :- Gerad Genette

Thinking Activity :- Gerad Genette

Gérard Genette was a French literary theorist, associated in particular with the structuralist movement and such figures as Roland Barthes and Claude Lévi-Strauss, from whom he adapted the concept of bricolage.

Gérard Genette (born 1930) is a Frenchliterary theorist, associated in particular with the structuralist movement and such figures as Roland Barthes and Claude Lévi-Strauss, from whom he adapted the concept of bricolage.

He is largely responsible for the reintroduction of a rhetorical vocabulary into literary criticism, for example such terms as trope and metonymy. Additionally his work on narrative, best known in English through the selection Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method, has been of importance. His major work is the multi-part Figuresseries, of which Narrative Discourse is a section.

His international influence is not as great as that of some others identified with structuralism, such as Roland Barthes and Claude Lévi-Strauss; his work is more often included in selections or discussed in secondary works than studied in its own right. Terms and techniques originating in his vocabulary and systems have, however, become widespread, such as the term paratext for prefaces, introductions, illustrations or other material accompanying the text, or hypotext for the sources of the text.

He gives a five types of narratives. 

(1) ordeor

(2) frequency 

(3) Duration

(4) mood

(5) voice

1) Order

Story arrangements like simple a murder occurs event -1 then the circumstances of the murder are revealed to a detective event -2 and finally the murder is caught event -3. Generally Savdhan India Tv serial following these type of Chronological.  Example is a CID serial. 

2) Frequency

The separation between an event and its narration allows several possibilities. 

An event can be occured once and be narrated once.

An event can be ocuured once and be narrated many times. Example is Ramayana serial. 

3) Duration

There are the two main elements of duration.

First is ten years passed but a short narrative time it mean they narrated in few seconds. Example is new mahabharat serial or kumkum bagaya serial. 

4) Mood 

Genette said narrative mood is dependent on the distance and perspective of the narrator, and like music, narrative mood has predominant patterns. It is related to voice. 

5). Voice

Narrator is narrates the story in outside or he is becomes the part of the story. 

Example : three midtakes of my life in govind's charachar. Or in mobydick esmaile's character. 

Thinking Activity :- Postcolonial theory

Thinking Activity :- Postcolonial theory

Postcolonialism or postcolonial studies is the academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands.

The name postcolonialism is modeled on postmodernism, with which it shares certain concepts and methods, and may be thought of as a reaction to or departure from colonialism in the same way postmodernism is a reaction to modernism. The ambiguous term colonialism may refer either to a system of government or to an ideology or world view  underlying that system—in general postcolonialism represents an ideological response to colonialist thought, rather than simply describing a system that comes after colonialism. The term postcolonial studies may be preferred for this reason.

Postcolonialism encompasses a wide variety of approaches, and theoreticians may not always agree on a common set of definitions. On a simple level, it may seek through anthropological study to build a better understanding of colonial life from the point of view of the colonized people, based on the assumption that the colonial rulers are unreliable narrators.

On a deeper level, postcolonialism examines the social and political power relationships that sustain colonialism and neocolonialism, including the social, political and cultural narratives surrounding the colonizer and the colonized. This approach may overlap with contemporary history and critical theory, and may also draw examples from history, political science, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and human geography.

Sub-disciplines of postcolonial studies examine the effects of colonial rule on the practice of feminism, anarchism, literature  and Christian thought.

hilosophy), and as a politics (affairs of the citizenry), the field of postcolonialism addresses the politics of knowledge—the matters that constitute the postcolonial identity of a decolonized people, which derives from: (i) the colonizer's generation of cultural knowledge about the colonized people; and (ii) how that Western cultural knowledge was applied to subjugate a non–European people into a colony of the European mother country, which, after initial invasion, was effected by means of the cultural identities of 'colonizer' and 'colonized'.

Postcolonialism is aimed at destabilizing these theories (intellectual and linguistic, social and economic) by means of which colonialists "perceive", "understand", and "know" the world. Postcolonial theory thus establishes intellectual spaces for subaltern peoples to speak for themselves, in their own voices, and thus produce cultural discourses of philosophy, language, society and economy, balancing the imbalanced us-and-them binary power-relationship between the colonist and the colonial subjects.

Thinking Activity :- Northrop frye

Thinking Activity :- Northrop frye

DescriptionHerman Northrop Frye CC FRSC was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist, considered one of the most influential of the 20th century. Frye gained international fame with his first book, Fearful Symmetry, which led to the reinterpretation of the poetry of William Blake.

1.What is Archetypal Criticism? What does the archetypal critic do?

In literary criticism the term archetype denotes recurrent designs,pattern of action,character-type,themes and images which are identifiable in a wide variety of works of literature,as well as in myths,dreams and even social rituals. The archetypal critic tries to find this pattern,symbols and myths in present literary work.

2.What is Frye trying prove by giving an analogy of ' Physics to Nature' and 'Criticism to Literature'?

Northrop Frye has given a very unique idea of Archetypal Criticism by comparing the human emotions or human characteristics with the cycle of seasons.

Spring

The Spring season represents the Comedy. As the genre of comedy is characterized by the birth of hero,revival and resurrection. Spring also symbolizes the defeat of winter and darkness.

Summer

The season of summer indicates the Romance because summer is the culmination of life in the seasonal calendar, and the romance genre culminates with some sort of triumph,usually marriage.

 Autumn

The Autumn season signify the genre of Tragedy. As the Autumn is the dying stage of the seasonal calendar. That's why the Autumn is parallels to the genre of tragedy, because the genre of tragedy is known for the fall or demise of the protagonist.

 Winter

 The season of winter denotes the satire genre because of its darkness. It is a disillusioned   and mocking form of the three other genres.It is noted for its darkness,dissolution,the return  of chaos and the defeat of heroic figure.

3.Share your views of Criticism as an organised body of knowledge. Mention relation of literature with history and philosophy.

Literature is the central division of the Humanities, flanked on one side by history and on the other side by philosophy.Here we can say that history and philosophy are twin pillars of literature.History represents the what was happen in past. Basically history is about past events and actions. While Philosophy is about morality and ethics of life.literature . Frye has used the word centrifugal which means to go away from literature and find background to understand literature.So for the batter understanding of the literature reader have to refer framework of history and philosophy for the understanding of ethics.

4.Briefly explain inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's scene.

Inductive method is journey which leads from specific to general.As we read some specific literary work and comes to a general conclusion,in this way we extend from specific outcome to general outcome.The best example of this method is grave digging scene from Hamlet, it is a specific scene and from that scene we come to some general conclusion. In that scene there were two grave diggers and they seemed in  quite in harmony with their work.They were talking with one another and singing a song during the time of grave digging.They were also mocking on dead Ophelia and commented that whether she allowed to buried or not. Here we can see that they have no grief for deadly one.It was their work and that's why they were habituated with it. It became their general work so they have  no emotion for dead one.

5.Briefly explain deductive method with reference to an analogy to Music, Painting, rhythm and pattern. Give examples of the outcome of deductive method.

Deductive method is a journey from general to specific.Music and rhythm both are the form of art. Music is a form of art which moves in time and painting is a form of art which moves in space.Music is rhythm and painting is pattern. In a music we can understand the rhythm of it while in painting we can understand the pattern of it.Rhythm is a narrative form,while pattern is simultaneous mental grasp of verbal structure and it has meaning and significance.It provides a mental visual. By listening some of the music we can't get everything, but  by looking at painting we can get idea of it's pattern.      

Thinking Activity :- Matthew Arnold

Thinking Activity :- Matthew Arnold 

Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.

* Que - 1 write about  one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find interesting and relevant in your times? 

Ans : Mathew Arnold discuss about good poetry in his essay. He says that " poetry is the criticism of life " . I like this idea which with he deal. It is also interesting. Usually poets are write about their experiences or there current situation in poetry. " criticism of life" means that profound application of ideas to life and poetry represented social, political and religion life. At present we find that generally poets are write about nature And also they connected with the truthfullness of poetry or beauty. 

* 

Que - 2 write about one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find out of date  and irrelevant in your time?

Ans : I am not agree with the idea of " Touch stone Mathod " which he discuss in his essay. Comparing the lines of the great poets with other poetry it is difficult. In this method talent of individual is not fairly judged and it also seems to neglect the beauty and uniqueness of an individual. It is not necessary to compare the work of an ancient writers with any other writers for passing judgement on their work.Because everyone has his/her own beauty, talent and uniqueness. Arnold's ideal poets are Homer and Sophocles in the ancient world but Chaucer, Dryden,Shelly and Pope fall short of the best because they lack high seriousness.It is not a fairway to judge the work of an art.What Homer and Sophocles wrote it might also be not relevant in today's time.By comparing the work of one with another it is not fairway to judge any writer's work.

Middle March

Thinking Activity :- Middle March 

Middlemarch, A Study of Provincial Life is a novel by the English author George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans), first published in eight instalments (volumes) in 1871–1872. The novel is set in the fictitious Midlands town of Middlemarch during 1829–1832,[1] and follows several distinct, intersecting stories with a large cast of characters. Issues include the status of women, the nature of marriage, idealism, self-interest, religion, hypocrisy, political reform, and education. Despite comic elements, Middlemarch is a work of realism  encompassing historical events: the 1832 Reform Act, the beginnings of the railways, and the death of King George IV and succession of his brother, the Duke of Clarence (King William IV). It incorporates contemporary medicine and examines the reactionary views of a settled community facing unwelcome change. Eliot began writing the two pieces that would form Middlemarch  in the years 1869–1870 and completed the novel in 1871. Although initial reviews were mixed, it is now seen widely as her best work and one of the great novels in English .




A major theme in George Eliot's novel, Middlemarch, is the role of women in the community. The female characters in the novel are, to some extent, oppressed by the social expectations that prevail in Middlemarch. Regardless of social standing, character or personality, women are expected to cater to and remain dependent on their husbands and to occupy themselves with trivial recreation rather than important household matters. Dorothea and Rosamond, though exceedingly dissimilar, are both subjected to the same social ideals of what women should be.

Dorothea and Rosamond are on different levels of the intricate social spectrum in Middlemarch. As a Brooke, Dorothea's connections "though not exactly aristocratic, were unquestionably ëgood'"(p.7). Rosamond is of a slightly lower status, especially given that her father has married an innkeeper's daughter, thus further lowering the family's social rank. Although Dorothea and Rosamond enjoy similar amenities such as servants, the detailed social continuum of Middlemarch separates them.

Pre-tas Frankenstein by Mary shelley

   Pre-tas Frankenstein by Mary shelley 

(1) when did you haha dream?
       After a one year i saw a dream. It is very dangerous and horrible. It's like a real situation. I was very frightened. It is very bad experience for me. It is such a horrible and frightened for me.

(2) what did you see in your dream?
        I was alone in on a sterenge place . I am alone. This is very frightened situation. I see one strenge person who is looks is uglu . He
behaves something different. And then I feels fears.

(3) Based on your dream if you are asked to cteate, something , what type of creation would be there? 

       

   If  I crertes a dream in my dream i saw one man in forest. He forgets the way. And the person   is alone. He tries alot to find his way. At that time he listens something strenge voice. And then one perdpe is came. He is a ghost. His looks is ugly . 

(4) The creation will be ugly or Beautiful? 

     The creation is ugly and terribter. 

(5) If ugly why?  If beautiful, why?  

     Because it is hooror situation. That's why it becomes uglu. Becuse it creates a fears in our mind. 

(6)   what are your interpretation for the word monster? 
    Monster words creates something bad image in our mind. Becuse the words suggest the bad meanning . It is harmful for haman beings. 

(7) have you ever visited such kind of places which has connections with horror and teri?
 I have visited this types of horror places in my deram.but in real condition I never visited this types of places.

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Postmodernism and Popular Culture

Assignment :- 8 Postmodernism and Popular Culture

Name :- Rathod Nikita P.
Roll no :- 23
Enrolment no :- 2069108420190038
Semester :- M. A. Semester - 2
Year :- 2018-2020
Paper no :- 8 (Cultural Studies)
Assignment topic :- Postmodernism and Popular Culture
Email - id :- nikitarathod0101@gmail.com
Submitted to :- S. B. Gardi Department of English, Maharaja Krishankumarshinji Bhavanagar University.












(1) Postmodernism and Popular Culture.
=>  postmodernism and Popular culture are the types of cultural studies.
1. Postmodernism :-
           Postmodernism is a broad movement that developed in the mid- to late 20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism and that marked a departure from Modernism. The term has also more generally been applied to the historical era following modernity and the tendencies of this era.
While encompassing a wide variety of approaches, postmodernism is generally defined by an attitude of skepticism, irony, or rejection toward the meta-narratives and ideologies of modernism, often calling into question various assumptions of Enlightenment rationality.Consequently, common targets of postmodern critique include universalist notions of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress.Postmodern thinkers frequently call attention to the contingent or socially-conditioned nature of knowledge claims and value systems, situating them as products of particular political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence.
Postmodern critical approaches gained purchase in the 1980s and 1990s, and have been adopted in a variety of academic and theoretical disciplines, including cultural studies, philosophy of science, economics, linguistics, architecture, feminist theory, and literary criticism, as well as art movements in fields such as literature and music. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction and post-structuralism, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, and Fredric Jameson.
Postmodernism arose after World War II as a reaction to the perceived failings of modernism, whose radical artistic projects had come to be associated with totalitarianism or had been assimilated into mainstream culture. The basic features of what is now called postmodernism can be found as early as the 1940s, most notably in the work of artists such as Jorge Luis Borges. However, most scholars today would agree that postmodernism began to compete with modernism in the late 1950s and gained ascendancy over it in the 1960s. Since then, postmodernism has been a dominant, though not undisputed, force in art, literature, film, music, drama, architecture, history, and continental philosophy.
Salient features of postmodernism are normally thought to include the ironic play with styles, citations and narrative levels, a metaphysical skepticism or nihilism towards a "grand narrative" of Western culture, a preference for the virtual at the expense of the Real (or more accurately, a fundamental questioning of what 'the real' constitutes) and a "waning of affect" on the part of the subject, who is caught up in the free interplay of virtual, endlessly reproducible signs inducing a state of consciousness similar to schizophrenia.
Since the late 1990s there has been a small but growing feeling both in popular culture and in academia that postmodernism "has gone out of fashion".
Postmodernism, like post-structuralism and deconstruction, is a critique of the aesthetics of the preceding age, but besides mere critique, postmodernism celebrates the very act of dismembering tradition. Postmodernism questions everything rationalist European philosophy held to be true, arguing that it is all contingent and that most cultural constructions have served the function of empowering members of a dominant social group at the expense of "others". Beginning in the mid-1980s,postmodernism emerged in art, architecture, music, flim, literature, sociology, communications, fashion, and other fields.
Postmodernism borrows from Modernism disillusionment with the givens of society : a penchant for Irony : the self- conscious "play" within the work of art: fragmentation and ambiguity and a destructured, decentered, dehumanized subject. But while Modernism, presented a fragmented view of human history, this fragmentation was seen as tragic. Frederick Jamson sees artistic movements like Modernism and postmodernism as cultural and are to extent constructed by it. Realism was the predominant style within eighteenth and nineteenth-century market capitalism, with its new technologies such as the stream engine that transformed every - day life. From the late nineteenth century through world war 2,Modernism ruled the arts within monopoly capitalism, associated with electricity and internal combustion. The third phase is dominated by global consumer capitalism, the emphasis is dominated by global consumer capitalism, the emphasis placed on advertising and selling goods, now called the Information age. Technology came in existence and slowly slowly revolution came in all the field. Changes came in every field. Change came in writing's field also.
The postmodernism is often applied to the literature and art after World War 2. When the effects on western morale of the first war were greatly exacerbated by the experience of Nazi totalitarianism and mass extermination, the threat of total destruction by the atomic bomb, the progressive devastation of the natural environment, and the ominous fact of overpopu. Postmodernism involves not only a continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the counteraditional experiments of Modernism, but also diverse attempts to break away from Modernist forms which had, inevitably, become in their turn conventional, as well as to overthrow the elitism of Modernist  "high art" by recourse to the models of "mass culture" in flim, television, newspaper, cartoons, and Popular music.
Societies must have order. Jean - Francois Lyotard argues that stability is maintained through "grand narratives" or "master narratives", stories a culture tells itself about its practice and beliefs in order to keep going. A grand narrative in American culture might be the story that democracy is the most enlightened or universal human happiness. But postmodernism, Lyotard afds, is characterized by "incredulity toward metanarratives" that serve to mask the contradictions and instabilities inherent in any social organization. Postmodernism prefers "mini-narratives" of local events. Similarly, Jean Baudrillard describes the "simulacra," of postmodern life  which have taken the place of "real" objects. Think for example of video games or music compact discs, for made of original paintings or statues. Virtual reality games add another dimension to the artificiality of postmodern life. Perhaps postmodernism is best compared to the emergence of computer technology. For Baudrillard, postmodernism marks s culture composed "of disparate fragmentary experiences and images that constantly bombard the individual in music, video, television, advertising and other forms of electronic media. The lines between reality and artifice can become so blurred that reality TV is now hard to distinguish from reality - and from television entertainment.
2. Popular culture :-
      Popular culture studies is the study of popular culture from a critical theory perspective combining communication studies and cultural studies. There was a time before the 1960s when popular culture was not studied by academics - when it was, well, just popular culture. But within American studies programms at the first and then later in many disciplines, including semiotics, rhetoric, literary criticism, flim studi, anthropology, history, women's studies, ethnic studies, and psychoanalytic approaches, critics examine such cultural media as pulp fiction, comic books, television, flim, advertising, popular music, and computer cyberculture. They assess how such factors as ethnicity, race, gender, class, age, region, and sexuality are shaped by and reshaped in popular culture. There are four main types of popular culture analyses : production analysis, texual analysis, audience analysis, and historical analysis.
In popular culture today what is more famous it becomes the subject of analysis. Through analysis we find why it ia popular and we finds there is a different reasons are there. There is a different reasons behind the interest.
The approach view culture as a narrative or story - telling process in which particular texts or cultural artifacts consciously or unconsciously link themselves to larger stories at play in the society. A key here is how texts create subject positions or identities for those who use them. Postmodernists tend to speak more of subject positions rather than the humanist notion of independent individuals. Production analysis asks the following kinds of questions : Who owns the media?,  Who creates texts and Why?,  Under what constraints?,  How democratic or elitist is the production of popular culture?,   what about works written only for money?, . Texual analysis examines how specific works of popular culture create meanings. Audience analysis asks how different groups of popular culture consumers, or users, make similar or different sense of the same texts. Historical analysis investigates how these other three dimensions change over time. Sometimes when book or movie published or realised at that time not get a instant success. But late on it becomes a part of popular culture. It is very interesting to finding the reason behind this gap or situations. This process is also very important. So it becomes a deep reading of events and situations.
popular culture is taken as a terrain of academic inquiry and has helped change the outlooks of more established disciplines. It broke down conceptual barriers between so-called high and low culture which led to people's escalated interest in popular culture and encompasses diverse media as comic books, television, and the Internet. Divisions between high and low culture have been increasingly seen as political distinctions rather than as defensible aesthetic or intellectual ones. 

T. S. Eliot : Traditional and Individual Talent

Assignment :- 7  T. S. Eliot : Traditional and Individual Talent

Name :- Rathod Nikita P.
Roll no :- 23
Enrolment no :- 2069108420190038
Semester :- M. A. Semester - 2
Year :- 2018-2020
Paper no :- 7 (Literary Theory and Criticism 2 (20th century Western and Indian poetics.)
Assignment topic :- T. S. Eliot : Tradition and Individual Talent
Email - id :- nikitarathod0101@gmail.com
Submitted to :- S. B. Gardi Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.











. (1) T. S Eliot: Tradition and Individual Talent
=>        T. S. Eliot's "Tradition and Individual Talent" was published in 1919 in The Egoist - the Times Literary Supplement. Later, the essay was published in The sacred wood: Essay on poetry and Criticism in 1920/2. This essay is described by David Lodge as the most celebrated critical essay in the English of the 20th century. The essay is divided into three main sections:
1. The first gives us Eliot's Concept of tradition.
2. The second exemplifies his theory of depersonalization and poetry.
3. And In third part he concludes the debate by saying that the poet's sense of tradition and the impersonality of poetry are complementary things.
Poetry are complementary things. At the outset of the essay, Eliot asserts that the word 'tradition' is not a very favourable term with the English who generally utilize the same as a term of censure. The English do not possess an orientation towards criticism as the French do, they praise a poet for those aspects of the work that are individualistic. However, they fail to realize that the best and the most individual part of the poet's work is that reflects of the past tradition. This would amount to mere copying or slavish imitation. For, Eliot, Tradition has a three-fold significance. Firstly, tradition cannot be inherited and involves a great deal of labour and erudition. Secondly, it involves the historical sense which involves apperception not only of the pastness of the past, but also of its presence. Thirdly the historical sense enables a writer to write not only with his own generation in mind, but with a feeling that the whole of the literature from Homer down to the literature of his own country forms a continuous literary tradition. As claimed by Chris Baldick that Eliot had created an inverted literary history in which history being second to the permanent quality of literature, is readjusted to accommodate it to literature. Therefore, Eliot's conception of history is a dynamic one and not static: and is forever in a state of flux.
Eliot presents his conception of tradition and the definition of the poet and poetry in relation to it. He wishes to correct the fact that, as he perceives it, "in English writing we seldom speak of tradition, though we occasionally apply its name in deploring its absence." Eliot posits that, though the English tradition generally upholds the belief that art progresses through change – a separation from tradition, literary advancements are instead recognised only when they conform to the tradition. Eliot, a classicist, felt that the true incorporation of tradition into literature was unrecognised, that tradition, a word that "seldom... appear[s] except in a phrase of censure," was actually a thus-far unrealised element of literary criticism.

For Eliot, the term "tradition" is imbued with a special and complex character. It represents a "simultaneous order," by which Eliot means a historical timelessness – a fusion of past and present – and, at the same time, a sense of present temporality. A poet must embody "the whole of the literature of Europe from Homer," while, simultaneously, expressing their contemporary environment. Eliot challenges the common perception that a poet's greatness and individuality lie in their departure from their predecessors; he argues that "the most individual parts of his [the poet's] work may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their immortality most vigorously." Eliot claims that this "historical sense" is not only a resemblance to traditional works but an awareness and understanding of their relation to his poetry.

This fidelity to tradition, however, does not require the great poet to forfeit novelty in an act of surrender to repetition. Rather, Eliot has a much more dynamic and progressive conception of the poetic process: novelty is possible only through tapping into tradition. When a poet engages in the creation of new work, they realise an aesthetic "ideal order," as it has been established by the literary tradition that has come before them. As such, the act of artistic creation does not take place in a vacuum. The introduction of a new work alters the cohesion of this existing order, and causes a readjustment of the old to accommodate the new. The inclusion of the new work alters the way in which the past is seen; elements of the past that are noted and realised. In Eliot’s own words, "What happens when a new work of art is created is something that happens simultaneously to all the works of art that preceded it." Eliot refers to this organic tradition, this developing canon, as the "mind of Europe." The private mind is subsumed by this more massive one.

This leads to Eliot’s so-called "Impersonal Theory" of poetry. Since the poet engages in a "continual surrender of himself" to the vast order of tradition, artistic creation is a process of depersonalisation. The mature poet is viewed as a medium, through which tradition is channelled and elaborated. They compare the poet to a catalyst in a chemical reaction, in which the reactants are feelings and emotions that are synthesised to create an artistic image that captures and relays these same feelings and emotions. While the mind of the poet is necessary for the production, it emerges unaffected by the process. The artist stores feelings and emotions and properly unites them into a specific combination, which is the artistic product. What lends greatness to a work of art are not the feelings and emotions themselves, but the nature of the artistic process by which they are synthesised. The artist is responsible for creating "the pressure, so to speak, under which the fusion takes place." And, it is the intensity of fusion that renders art great. In this view, Eliot rejects the theory that art expresses metaphysical unity in the soul of the poet. The poet is a depersonalised vessel, a mere medium.
He looks in new way. He gives a new concept of tradition. He defence the importance of tradition. Tradition and Individual Talent are not separate entity. Pastness of past and historical sense both are important. To appreciates work poem rather than poet is very important. Poetry is a drpersonalized work of art. Writer kills himself in his works is very important. When poets or writer creates his works at that time he is present in his work. But when product is created at that time poet is not present. Tradition is not dead but it is alive. Great works do not express the personal emotion of the poet. The poet does not reveal their own unique and novel emotions, but rather, by drawing on ordinary ones and channelling them through the intensity of poetry, they express feelings that surpass, altogether, experienced emotion. This is what Eliot intends when he discusses poetry as an "escape from emotion." Since successful poetry is impersonal and, therefore, exists independent of its poet, it outlives the poet and can incorporate into the timeless "ideal order" of the "living" literary tradition.
The theory is that the expression of emotion in art can be achieved by a specific, and almost formulaic, prescription of a set of objects, including events and situations. A particular emotion is created by presenting its correlated objective sign. The author is depersonalised in this conception, since he is the mere effecter of the sign. And, it is the sign, and not the poet, which creates emotion.The implications here separate Eliot's idea of talent from the conventional definition (just as his idea of Tradition is separate from the conventional definition), one so far from it, perhaps, that he chooses never to directly label it as talent. Whereas the conventional definition of talent, especially in the arts, is a genius that one is born with. Not so for Eliot. Instead, talent is acquired through a careful study of poetry, claiming that Tradition, "cannot be inherited, and if you want it, you must obtain it by great labour." Eliot asserts that it is absolutely necessary for the poet to study, to have an understanding of the poets before them, and to be well versed enough that they can understand and incorporate the "mind of Europe" into their poetry. But the poet's study is unique – it is knowledge that "does not encroach," and that does not "deaden or pervert poetic sensibility." It is, to put it most simply, a poetic knowledge – knowledge observed through a poetic lens. This ideal implies that knowledge gleaned by a poet is not knowledge of facts, but knowledge which leads to a greater understanding of the mind of Europe. As a critic T. S. Eliot was very practical. He called himself "a classicist in literature". According to Eliot, a critic mast obey the objective standards to analyze any work. Eliot demands, from any critic, ability for judgement and powerful liberty of mind to identify and to interpret. 

Character Of Oliver Twist

Assignment :- 6 Character Of Oliver Twist

Name :- Rathod Nikita P.
Roll no :- 23
Enrolment no :- 2069108420190038
Semester :- M. A. Semester - 2
Year :- 2018-2020
Paper no :- 6 (The Victorian Literature)
Assignment topic :- Chracter of Oliver Twist
Email - id :- nikitarathod0101@gmail.com
Submitted to :- S. B. Gardi Department of English, Maharaja Krishankumarshinji Bhavanagar University.












(1) Character of Oliver Twist.
=> Oliver Twist is novel written by Charles Dickens. He was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best - known fictional chracters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the 20th century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are still widely read today.
In Oliver twist, Oliver is a main character. Whole story is around him. Oliver twist is born in a workhouse to an unmarried woman called Agnes Fleming who dies giving birth to him. The story takes off when Oliver is twelve years old and he is deemed old enough work. A series of circumstances propel him from a poorhouse to an undertakers as an apprentice and finally to the corrupt parts of London where he unwittingly joinsa gang of pickpockets and thieves. Portrayed as an extremely naive child he does not realise that he is being put through training to become a pickpocket until he watches two of Fagin's boys in the act. He is captured by mistake for their crime and is soon released to Mr. Brownlow who takes care of him. Recaptured by Fagin's gang, the reader gets to see his innate aversion to crime especially in the incidents where he wishes to return Mr. Brownlow's money and books and much later when he decides to warn the inmates of the house he is forced to help rob. Oliver retains an innocence that cannot be corrupted despite the evil situations he is drawn into and this renders him, as several critics have pointed out, unbelievable. Oliver's incorruptibility is a source of consternation of Fagin and Oliver's half brother Monks, who try to make him a thief and thus deprive him of the fortune willed to him by his late father. They fail as Oliver is under the protection of the Maylies who then join forces with Mr. Brownlow to protect him from his corrupt brother. Nevertheless, he is a rather flat character who is uniformly good and is more an instrument to move the plot forward rather than effecting changes on his own.
      Oliver is a orphan child. He is innocent. He is kind hearted person. Mr. Bumble is the beadle at the workhouse where Oliver is taken to when he is twelve years old : in fact he has been associated with the boy right at birth for he is responsible for having Christened him with the name 'Twist'. A greedy, hypocritical and self - important man, he preaches morality and yet is unwarrantedly cruel to the pauppers under his care, inflicting corporeal punishment upon them and taking pleasure in doing so. He later marries with Mrs. Corney who is equally materialistic and callous. They both from an alliance with Monks and aid in destroying all remaining evidence of oliver's parentage. Dickens attacks the poor laws of the time through a stringent critique of the poorhouses and workhouses and particularly the people who ran these institutions. In an ironic twist of fate the Bumbles end up paupers in the same poorhouse they lorded over, contributing to the theme of poetic justice that Dickens seems to work through the novel.
     As the child hero of a melodramatic novel of social protest, Oliver Twist is meant to appeal more to our sentiments than to our literary sensibilities. On many levels, Oliver is not a believable character, because although he is raised in corrupt surroundings, his purity and virtue are absolute. Throughout the novel, Dickens uses Oliver’s character to challenge the Victorian idea that paupers and criminals are already evil at birth, arguing instead that a corrupt environment is the source of vice. At the same time, Oliver’s incorruptibility undermines some of Dickens’s assertions. Oliver is shocked and horrified when he sees the Artful Dodger and Charley Bates pick a stranger’s pocket and again when he is forced to participate in a burglary. Oliver’s moral scruples about the sanctity of property seem inborn in him, just as Dickens’s opponents thought that corruption is inborn in poor people. Furthermore, other pauper children use rough Cockney slang, but Oliver, oddly enough, speaks in proper King’s English. His grammatical fastidiousness is also inexplicable, as Oliver presumably is not well-educated. Even when he is abused and manipulated, Oliver does not become angry or indignant. When Sikes and Crackit force him to assist in a robbery, Oliver merely begs to be allowed to “run away and die in the fields.” Oliver does not present a complex picture of a person torn between good and evil—instead, he is goodness incarnate.

Even if we might feel that Dickens’s social criticism would have been more effective if he had focused on a more complex poor character, like the Artful Dodger or Nancy, the audience for whom Dickens was writing might not have been receptive to such a portrayal. Dickens’s Victorian middle-class readers were likely to hold opinions on the poor that were only a little less extreme than those expressed by Mr. Bumble, the beadle who treats paupers with great cruelty. In fact, Oliver Twist was criticized for portraying thieves and prostitutes at all. Given the strict morals of Dickens’s audience, it may have seemed necessary for him to make Oliver a saintlike figure. Because Oliver appealed to Victorian readers’ sentiments, his story may have stood a better chance of effectively challenging their prejudices.
       The Artful Dodger is a favourite of and one of the most accomplished of Fagin's pickpockets and has the added distinction of having introduced Oliver twist to Fagin. And Rose Maylie is the ward of Mrs Maylie and she is revealed to be oliver's aunt, his mother Agnes's sister.  Monks or Edward Leeford is the half - brother of Oliver Twist and the legitimate son of Oliver's father. A vicious man, slightly crippled and prone to frequent attacks of epilepsy, he hates Oliver and attempts to turn him into a thief to prevent him from getting his rightful share of his father's property. Mr.Brownlow adopts Oliver. He is also kind hearted person. He takes care of Oliver. Oliver's like a company of Mr. Brownlow. Mrs. Bedwin is a housekeeper of Mr. Brownlow. She also takes care of Oliver.
     He was the first child protagonist in an English novel. His generosity of spirit is total, and even when faced with serious maltreatment, he never loses his sense of morality or kindness. Oliver Twist is notable for its unromantic portrayal by Dickens of criminals and their sordid lives, as well as for exposing the cruel treatment of the many orphans in London in the mid-19th century.In this early example of the social novel, Dickens satirises the hypocrisies of his time, including child labour, the recruitment of children as criminals, and the presence of street children.The novel may have been inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe, an orphan whose account of working as a child labourer in a cotton mill was widely read in the 1830s. It is likely that Dickens's own youthful experiences contributed as well.
   Oliver is a child that's why he does not know anything. He is completely unknown to the world. That's why he easily becomes the part of pickpocketers. He does know about the situation that happens around him. For him it is completely new and strenge experience. So that's why he learns through that situation are happens around him. He becomes the part of this incidents unknowingly. In the novel is works in workhouse. And Mr. Bumble is a master of workhouse. He is very strick. And when Oliver wants some more food. At that time he is angry on Oliver. Mr. Bumble behaves with children very strictly. They work hard but they does not get enough food to eat. That's why children's are lives in very bad condition. Every child of workhouse has fear of Mr. Bumble. They feels fears. Nobody raises their voice against this situation. Because they feels a fear for punishment. That's why no one can raise their authority. And In another situation Fagin is a mast of this gang. He orders and childrens are follow his rules. And same Oliver also works in this direction. And when Dogger tries to steals the handkerchief of Mr. Brownlow and he captured by people. And the blame goes on the Oliver. And he goes in with the people. And he tries to proves himself as innocent but he fails to proves himself as innocent. At that time Mr. Brownlow understands him. And he believes in oliver's words. And then Oliver proves innocent. And goes with Mr. Brownlow.
  Charles Dickens wrote in very humour way. He portrays the characters in very humorous way. That's why it creates a comic atmosphere for readers. And that's why he satires in very humorous way. He satire on the situation of society. That's why through his writing style he  gives a comic relief to the audience and also criticise the situation of society. .